Total internal reflection is possible when light rays travel:

$(a)$ Figure shows a cross-section of a 'light pipe' made of a glass fibre of refractive index $1.68$. The outer covering of the pipe is made of a material of refractive index $1.44$. What is the range of the angles of the incident rays with the axis of the pipe for which total internal reflections inside the pipe take place,as shown in the figure.
$(b)$ What is the answer if there is no outer covering of the pipe?

Which of the following is used in optical fibres?

$A$ glass prism of refractive index $1.5$ is immersed in water (refractive index $\frac{4}{3}$) as shown in the figure. $A$ light beam incident normally on the face $AB$ is totally internally reflected at the face $AC$ to reach the face $BC$,if:

In the figure,the optical fiber is $L = 2\,m$ long and has a diameter of $d = 20\,\mu m$. If a ray of light is incident on one end of the fiber at an angle $\theta_1 = 40^\circ$,the number of reflections it makes before emerging from the other end is close to:

Why is mirage formation seen in deserts during the summer?