Transfer of material and energy from one ecosystem to another ecosystem is best exemplified by:

What will happen to an ecosystem if:
$(a)$ All producers are removed;
$(b)$ All organisms of herbivore level are eliminated; and
$(c)$ All top carnivore population is removed?

Carbon constitutes . . . . . . of dry weight of organisms and . . . . . . percentage is dissolved in oceans out of total global carbon.

Which of the following cannot be included in a sedimentary cycle?

At which trophic level are carnivorous plants included?

Select the correct option for the following processes:
$P$ - Formation of organic components from inorganic components
$Q$ - Formation of inorganic components from organic components
Select the correct option for $P$ and $Q$.