Two light beams fall on a transparent material block at points $1$ and $2$ with angles $\theta_1$ and $\theta_2$ respectively,as shown in the figure. After refraction,the beams intersect at point $3$,which is exactly on the interface at the other end of the block. Given: the distance between $1$ and $2$ is $d = 4\sqrt{3} \text{ cm}$ and $\theta_1 = \theta_2 = \cos^{-1}\left(\frac{n_2}{2n_1}\right)$,where $n_2$ is the refractive index of the block and $n_1$ is the refractive index of the outside medium $(n_2 > n_1)$. Find the thickness of the block in $\text{cm}$.

When a light ray is incident on a medium at an angle $i$ and refracted into a second medium at an angle $r$,the graph of $\sin r$ vs $\sin i$ is as shown below. From this,one can conclude that:
$(A)$ Velocity of light in the second medium is $1.73$ times the velocity of light in the first medium
$(B)$ Velocity of light in the first medium is $1.73$ times the velocity in the second medium
$(C)$ The critical angle for the two media is given by,$\sin i_c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$
$(D)$ The critical angle for the two media is given by,$\sin i_c = \frac{1}{2}$

The refractive indices of water and glass with respect to air are $1.2$ and $1.5$ respectively. The refractive index of glass with respect to water is

The optical properties of a medium are governed by the relative permittivity $(\epsilon_r)$ and relative permeability $(\mu_r)$. The refractive index is defined as $n = \sqrt{\epsilon_r \mu_r}$. For ordinary material $\epsilon_r > 0$ and $\mu_r > 0$ and the positive sign is taken for the square root. In $1964$,a Russian scientist $V$. Veselago postulated the existence of material with $\epsilon_r < 0$ and $\mu_r < 0$. Since then,such 'metamaterials' have been produced in the laboratories and their optical properties studied. For such materials $n = -\sqrt{\epsilon_r \mu_r}$. As light enters a medium of such refractive index,the phases travel away from the direction of propagation.
$(i)$ According to the description above,show that if rays of light enter such a medium from air (refractive index $= 1$) at an angle $\theta_i$ in the $2^{nd}$ quadrant,then the refracted beam is in the $3^{rd}$ quadrant.
$(ii)$ Prove that Snell's law holds for such a medium.

When light travels from one medium to another with a different refractive index, which of the following will change?

$A$ ray of white light is incident on a spherical water drop whose centre is $C$ as shown below. When observed from the opposite side,the emergent light