What is the figure given below showing in particular?

Pili or fimbriae are associated with which process?

Four light sources produce the following four waves:
$(i)$ $y_1 = a \sin(\omega t + \phi_1)$
(ii) $y_2 = a \sin(2\omega t)$
(iii) $y_3 = d' \sin(\omega t + \phi_2)$
(iv) $y_4 = d' \sin(3\omega t + \phi)$
Superposition of which two waves gives rise to interference?

Wires $A$ and $B$ have resistivities $\rho_A$ and $\rho_B$,where $\rho_B = 2 \rho_A$,and have lengths $l_A$ and $l_B$. If the diameter of wire $B$ is twice that of $A$ and the two wires have the same resistance,then the ratio $\frac{l_B}{l_A}$ is:

Three immiscible liquids of densities $d_1 > d_2 > d_3$ and refractive indices $\mu_1 > \mu_2 > \mu_3$ are put in a beaker. The height of each liquid column is $h/3$. $A$ dot is made at the bottom of the beaker. For near normal vision,find the apparent depth of the dot.

When concentrated ${H_2SO_4}$ reacts with $X$ at a temperature of $160-170 \, ^\circ C$,ethylene is obtained. What is $X$?