Why is the average velocity of an electron at | vedclass

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(A) In the absence of an external electric field,the free electrons in a conductor move randomly in all possible directions due to thermal energy.Beca

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Due to random thermal motion.

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(A) In the absence of an external electric field,the free electrons in a conductor move randomly in all possible directions due to thermal energy.Because the motion is completely random,for every electron moving with a velocity $\vec{v}$,there is,on average,another electron moving with a velocity $-\vec{v}$.Consequently,the vector sum of the velocities of all $N$ electrons in the conductor is zero.Therefore,the average velocity $\vec{v}_{avg} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \vec{v}_i = 0$.

Why is the average velocity of an electron at time $t$ equal to zero in the absence of an external electric field?

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