Which form of heat was believed in before the modern time?

$A$ closed bottle containing water at $30^{\circ} C$ is opened on the surface of the moon. Then,

$A$ calorimeter of mass $0.2 \ kg$ and specific heat $900 \ J/kg \cdot K$ contains $0.5 \ kg$ of a liquid of specific heat $2400 \ J/kg \cdot K$. Its temperature falls from $60^{\circ}C$ to $55^{\circ}C$ in one minute. The rate of cooling is ....... $J/s$.

$A$ stationary object at $4^{\circ} C$ and weighing $3.5 \ kg$ falls from a height of $2000 \ m$ on a snow mountain at $0^{\circ} C$. If the temperature of the object just before hitting the snow is $0^{\circ} C$ and the object comes to rest immediately,then the quantity of ice that melts is (Acceleration due to gravity $= 10 \ m/s^2$,Latent heat of ice $= 3.5 \times 10^5 \ J/kg$)

Steam is passed into $22\, g$ of water at $20^{\circ}C$. The mass of water that will be present when the water acquires a temperature of $90^{\circ}C$ is ............ $g$ (Latent heat of steam is $540\, cal/g$) (in $, g$)

The $e.m.f.$ in a thermoelectric circuit with one junction at $0\,^\circ C$ and the other at $t\,^\circ C$ is given by $E = At - Bt^2$. The neutral temperature is then