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(D) $1$. The rate-determining step of an $S_N1$ reaction is the formation of a carbocation intermediate.$2$. Polar protic solvents (like $H_2O$ or $RO

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Polar protic solvent

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(D) $1$. The rate-determining step of an $S_N1$ reaction is the formation of a carbocation intermediate.$2$. Polar protic solvents (like $H_2O$ or $ROH$) stabilize the carbocation intermediate and the leaving group through solvation (hydrogen bonding), thereby lowering the activation energy.$3$. $A$ stronger nucleophile does not affect the rate of an $S_N1$ reaction because the nucleophile is involved only in the second, fast step.$4$. Therefore, a polar protic solvent increases the rate of an $S_N1$ reaction.

Which of the following factors increases the rate of a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution $(S_N1)$ reaction?

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