Which of the following is a man-made artificial ecosystem?

$A$- Grasshopper is included in primary consumer.
$R$- Fishes and birds are included in top carnivore.

What will be the $P/R$ ratio of a climax community and a pioneer community? What explanation could you offer for the changes seen in the $P/R$ ratio of a pioneer community and the climax community?

Climax vegetation of a region is generally

What does primary succession indicate in the development of a community?

Ecological succession is . . . . . . and . . . . . . change in species composition.