Which parameter is used to determine the effect of force on a body?

An athlete runs for some distance before taking a long jump. Why?

$A$ golf ball of mass $50 \text{ g}$ placed on a tee is struck by a golf club. The speed of the golf ball as it leaves the tee is $100 \text{ m/s}$, and the time of contact with the ball is $0.02 \text{ s}$. If the force decreases to zero linearly with time, then the force at the beginning of the contact is (in $\text{ N}$)

$A$ body of mass $3\,kg$ is acted on by a force which varies as shown in the graph below. The momentum acquired is given by ........... $N-s$.

$A$ particle of mass $m$, initially at rest, is acted upon by a variable force $F$ for a brief interval of time $T$. It begins to move with a velocity $u$ after the force stops acting. The graph shows $F$ as a function of time, where the curve is a semicircle with peak force $F_0$ at time $T/2$.

$A$ ball of mass $3 \ kg$ strikes a wall with a velocity of $10 \ m/s$ at an angle of $30^\circ$ with the normal to the wall and rebounds at the same angle and speed. What is the change in momentum of the ball in $MKS$ units?