Animals have evolved various innate mechanisms to avoid predators. Some examples are given below. Select the incorrect example.

Choose the correct statement regarding population interactions.

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion $A$ and the other is labelled as Reason $R$:
Assertion $(A)$: Recent studies do not entirely support the Gause's 'Competitive Exclusion Principle' in nature.
Reason $(R)$: Recent studies of competition rule out the occurrence of interspecific competition in nature.
In the light of the above statements,choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Select the statement which explains best parasitism.

Species $A$ $(-)$ and Species $B$ $(O)$ show which of the following interactions?

Which of the following exhibits parasitism on the stem of a plant?