Describe the principles of $DNA$ fingerprinting.

(N/A) The polymorphism observed in $DNA$ sequences is useful for $DNA$ fingerprinting as well as for preparing genetic maps of the human genome.
Polymorphism (variation at the genetic level) arises due to mutations. $A$ new mutation may arise in an individual either in somatic cells or in the germ cells.
If a germ cell mutation does not seriously impair an individual's ability to have offspring,it can be transmitted to the next generation through sexual reproduction.
If an inheritable mutation is observed in a population at high frequency,it is referred to as $DNA$ polymorphism. In other words,if more than one allele occurs at a locus in a human population with a frequency greater than $0.01$,the allelic sequence variation is called $DNA$ polymorphism.
These variations are more common in non-coding $DNA$ sequences because mutations in these sequences do not have an immediate impact on an individual's reproductive ability.
Consequently,these mutations accumulate generation after generation,resulting in polymorphism. These variations range from single nucleotide changes to large-scale alterations.