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(A) $Bt$ cotton is a genetically modified organism $(GMO)$ created by incorporating specific $cry$ genes derived from the soil bacterium $Bacillus$ $t

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Insect pests

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(A) $Bt$ cotton is a genetically modified organism $(GMO)$ created by incorporating specific $cry$ genes derived from the soil bacterium $Bacillus$ $thuringiensis$ $(Bt)$.These $cry$ genes encode for crystal proteins ($Bt$ toxins) that are toxic to specific groups of insect pests,such as lepidopterans (tobacco budworm,armyworm),coleopterans (beetles),and dipterans (flies,mosquitoes).When these insects ingest the plant tissues containing the $Bt$ toxin,the alkaline $pH$ of their gut solubilizes the crystals,converting the protoxin into an active toxin.This active toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells,creating pores that cause cell swelling and lysis,eventually leading to the death of the insect.Therefore,$Bt$ cotton provides resistance against insect pests.

$Bt$ cotton variety,which has been developed by the introduction of the $Bt$ toxin gene of $Bacillus$ $thuringiensis$,provides resistance against:

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