$A$ double convex lens made of glass has both radii of curvature of magnitude $20 \,cm$. Incident light rays parallel to the axis of the lens will converge to a point at a distance $L$ from the common pole $P$. The value of $L$ is [Refractive index of glass $= 1.5$].

An achromatic telescope objective is to be made by combining the lenses of flint and crown glasses. This proper choice is

An object has an image thrice of its original size when kept at $8 \ cm$ and $16 \ cm$ from a convex lens. The focal length of the lens is:

$A$ screen is placed $90 \ cm$ from an object. The image is formed on the screen by a convex lens placed at two different locations separated by $20 \ cm$. The focal length of the lens is approximately equal to: (in $cm$)

Consider a thin lens placed between a source $(S)$ and an observer $(O)$ (See figure). Let the thickness of the lens vary as $w(b) = w_0 - \alpha b^2$, where $b$ is the vertical distance from the pole. $w_0$ and $\alpha$ are constants. Using Fermat's principle, i.e., the time of transit for a ray between the source and observer is an extremum, find the condition that all paraxial rays starting from the source will converge at a point $O$ on the axis. Find the focal length.
$(ii)$ $A$ gravitational lens may be assumed to have a varying width of the form $W = K_1 \log \left( \frac{K_2}{b} \right)$ (where $b_{\min} < b < b_{\max}$). Show that an observer will see an image of a point object as a ring about the center of the lens with an angular radius $\beta = \sqrt{\frac{(n - 1)K_1 u}{v(u + v)}}$.

$A$ point source of light is placed on the principal axis between $F$ and $2F$ of a concave lens. On the other side,very far away,a screen is placed perpendicular to the principal axis. As the screen is brought closer towards the lens,