The $X$-rays produced by a Coolidge tube consist of . . . . .

When $0.50\; \mathring{A}$ $X$-rays strike a material,the photoelectrons from the $K$-shell are observed to move in a circle of radius $23\; mm$ in a magnetic field of $2 \times 10^{-2}\; T$ acting perpendicularly to the direction of emission of photoelectrons. The binding energy of $K$-shell electrons is $..........\; keV$.

Find the $(a)$ maximum frequency,and $(b)$ minimum wavelength of $X$-rays produced by $30 \; kV$ electrons.

$X$-rays of wavelength $0.140 \,nm$ are scattered from a block of carbon. What will be the wavelengths of $X$-rays scattered at $90^{\circ}$ (in $\,nm$)?

$X$-rays are produced in an $X$-ray tube operating at a given accelerating voltage. The wavelength of the continuous $X$-rays has values from

The maximum distance between the inter-atomic planes of a crystal is $10^{-7} \ cm$. The maximum wavelength of $X$-rays that can be studied by this crystal is ........... $\mathring{A}$.