The wavelength of the $K\alpha$ line in copper is $1.54 \ \mathring{A}$. The ionization energy of the $K$ electron in copper in Joules is:

$X$-rays of wavelength $22 \, pm$ are scattered from a carbon target at an angle of $85^{\circ}$ to the incident beam. The Compton shift for $X$-rays is ......... $pm$.

In producing $X$-rays,a beam of electrons accelerated by a potential difference $V$ is made to strike a metal target. For what value of $V$ will the $X$-rays have the lowest wavelength of $0.3094 \ \mathring{A}$? (in $kV$)

The difference between $\lambda_{K_{\alpha}}$ and $\lambda_{min}$ becomes twice if the accelerating potential changes from $3100 \ V$ to $12400 \ V$. Find $\lambda_{K_{\alpha}}$ in $\mathring{A}$. (Given $hc = 12400 \ eV \mathring{A}$)

What does the $K\alpha$ characteristic $X$-ray represent?

$X$-rays are not used for radar purposes because: