$X$-rays are produced by accelerating electrons through a potential difference $V$ and letting them strike a metal target of atomic number $Z$. The highest frequency of the $X$-rays produced is proportional to:

When $0.50\; \mathring{A}$ $X$-rays strike a material,the photoelectrons from the $K$-shell are observed to move in a circle of radius $23\; mm$ in a magnetic field of $2 \times 10^{-2}\; T$ acting perpendicularly to the direction of emission of photoelectrons. The binding energy of $K$-shell electrons is $..........\; keV$.

In tungsten,the energy of a $K$-shell electron is $20 \, keV$ and that of an $L$-shell electron is $2 \, keV$. When an electron jumps from the $L$ shell to the $K$ shell,the wavelength of the emitted $X$-ray photon will be:

The wavelength of the most energetic $X$-rays emitted when a metal target is bombarded by $40 \ keV$ electrons is approximately ....... $\mathring{A}$. $(h = 6.62 \times 10^{-34} \ J \cdot s; 1 \ eV = 1.6 \times 10^{-19} \ J; c = 3 \times 10^8 \ m/s)$

$X$-rays of wavelength $22 \, pm$ are scattered from a carbon target at an angle of $85^{\circ}$ to the incident beam. The Compton shift for $X$-rays is ......... $pm$.

Fraunhofer lines of the solar system are an example of