The wavelengths of light in two liquids $x$ and $y$ are $3500 \, \mathring{A}$ and $7000 \, \mathring{A}$ respectively. The critical angle of $x$ with respect to $y$ is .......... $^o$.

The phenomenon of reflection of radio waves by the ionosphere is similar to:

$(a)$ Figure shows a cross-section of a 'light pipe' made of a glass fibre of refractive index $1.68$. The outer covering of the pipe is made of a material of refractive index $1.44$. What is the range of the angles of the incident rays with the axis of the pipe for which total internal reflections inside the pipe take place,as shown in the figure.
$(b)$ What is the answer if there is no outer covering of the pipe?

In an optical fibre, the core and cladding are made with materials of refractive indices $1.5$ and $1.414$ respectively. To observe total internal reflection, what will be the range of the incident angle with the axis of the optical fibre?

$A$ right-angled isosceles prism is held on the surface of a liquid composed of miscible solvents $A$ and $B$ of refractive index $n_{A}=1.5$ and $n_{B}=1.3$,respectively. The refractive index of the prism is $n_{p}=1.5$ and that of the liquid is given by $n_{L}=C_{A} n_{A}+(1-C_{A}) n_{B}$,where $C_{A}$ is the percentage of solvent $A$ in the liquid. If $\theta_{C}$ is the critical angle at the prism-liquid interface,the plot which best represents the variation of the critical angle with the percentage of solvent is

$A$ fish is a little below the surface of a lake. If the critical angle is $49^\circ$,then the fish could see things above the water surface within an angular range of $\theta^\circ$ where