Assertion $(A)$: In an elastic collision of two billiard balls,the total kinetic energy $(KE)$ is conserved during the short time of collision of the balls (i.e.,when they are in contact).
Reason $(R)$: Energy spent against friction does not follow the law of conservation of energy.

Fill in the blanks:
$(a)$ In electricity consumption,$1$ unit is equal to .......... Joules of work.
$(b)$ $A$ body falling from a height of $10 \ m$ onto hard ground loses $20 \%$ of its energy. It can reach a height of .............
$(c)$ $A$ particle moves in a circular path of radius $a$ under the influence of an attractive force with potential energy $U = -\frac{k}{2r^2}$. Its total energy is = .......
$(d)$ Converting a mass of $1 \ \mu g$ into energy yields ........ energy.

Water falls from a $40\,m$ high dam at the rate of $9 \times 10^{4}\,kg$ per hour. Fifty percent of the gravitational potential energy can be converted into electrical energy. Using this hydroelectric energy, the number of $100\,W$ lamps that can be lit is (Take $g = 10\,m/s^2$)

$A$ bullet loses $\left( \frac{1}{n} \right)^{th}$ of its velocity while passing through one plank. The number of such planks required to stop the bullet is:

An object of mass $M$ is at rest on a smooth horizontal surface. Objects of different masses collide head-on elastically with the object of mass $M$. All colliding objects have the same fixed kinetic energy $E$,and in each case,mass $M$ is initially at rest. The kinetic energy transferred to the stationary mass $M$ depends on the linear momentum $P$ of the incoming colliding mass. How does the energy transferred to $M$ vary with the linear momentum $P$?

In two separate collisions,the coefficients of restitution $e_1$ and $e_2$ are in the ratio $3:1$. In the first collision,the relative velocity of approach is twice the relative velocity of separation. Find the ratio between the relative velocity of approach and the relative velocity of separation in the second collision.