Chemiosmotic theory of $ATP$ synthesis in mitochondrion is based on

The process requiring absorption of energy is

If the difference between the roots of the equation $x^2 + ax + 1 = 0$ is less than $\sqrt{5}$,then what is the set of possible values of $a$?

Assume that a drop of liquid evaporates by decrease in its surface energy,so that its temperature remains unchanged. What should be the minimum radius of the drop for this to be possible? The surface tension is $T$,density of liquid is $\rho$ and $L$ is its latent heat of vaporization.

In an acute angled triangle,$\cot B \cot C + \cot A \cot C + \cot A \cot B$ is equal to

The adsorption isotherm for a gas is given by the relation $x = \frac{ap}{1 + bp}$,where $x$ is moles of gas adsorbed per gram of the adsorbent,$p$ is the pressure of the gas,and $a$ and $b$ are constants. Then $x$: