If in the circuit shown below,the internal resistance of the battery is $1.5 \, \Omega$ and $V_P$ and $V_Q$ are the potentials at $P$ and $Q$ respectively,what is the potential difference between the points $P$ and $Q$?

Temperature of cold junction in a thermocouple is $10^{\circ} C$ and neutral temperature is $270^{\circ} C$, then the temperature of inversion is (in $^{\circ} C$)

Two different metals are joined end to end. One end is kept at a constant temperature and the other end is heated to a very high temperature. The graph depicting the thermo $e.m.f.$ $(E)$ versus temperature $(t)$ is:

The heater of an electric kettle is made of a wire of length $L$ and diameter $d$. It takes $4$ minutes to raise the temperature of $0.5 \ kg$ of water by $40 \ K$. This heater is replaced by a new heater having two wires of the same material,each of length $L$ and diameter $2d$. The way these wires are connected is given in the options. How much time in minutes will it take to raise the temperature of the same amount of water by $40 \ K$?
$(A)$ $4$ if wires are in parallel
$(B)$ $2$ if wires are in series
$(C)$ $1$ if wires are in series
$(D)$ $0.5$ if wires are in parallel

The cold junction of a thermocouple is at $0^{\circ} C$. The thermo e.m.f. produced in the thermocouple is given by the equation $E = 16T - 0.04T^2$, where $T$ is the temperature of the hot junction. The temperature of inversion and the neutral temperature of the thermocouple are:

The $emf$ of a thermocouple, with one junction kept at $0^{\circ}C$, is given by the equation $e = at + bt^2$. The Peltier coefficient is given by: