Molecules in the atmosphere are attracted by the gravitational force of the Earth. Explain why all of them do not fall onto the Earth,just like an apple falling from a tree.

$A$ fixed thermally conducting cylinder has a radius $R$ and height $L_0$. The cylinder is open at its bottom and has a small hole at its top. $A$ piston of mass $M$ is held at a distance $L$ from the top surface,as shown in the figure. The atmospheric pressure is $P_0$.
$1.$ The piston is now pulled out slowly and held at a distance $2L$ from the top. The pressure in the cylinder between its top and the piston will then be
$(A) P_0$ $(B) \frac{P_0}{2}$ $(C) \frac{P_0}{2} + \frac{Mg}{\pi R^2}$ $(D) \frac{P_0}{2} - \frac{Mg}{\pi R^2}$
$2.$ While the piston is at a distance $2L$ from the top,the hole at the top is sealed. The piston is then released,to a position where it can stay in equilibrium. In this condition,the distance of the piston from the top is
$(A) \left(\frac{2P_0 \pi R^2}{\pi R^2 P_0 + Mg}\right)(2L)$ $(B) \left(\frac{P_0 \pi R^2 - Mg}{\pi R^2 P_0}\right)(2L)$ $(C) \left(\frac{P_0 \pi R^2 + Mg}{\pi R^2 P_0}\right)(2L)$ $(D) \left(\frac{P_0 \pi R^2}{\pi R^2 P_0 - Mg}\right)(2L)$
$3.$ The piston is taken completely out of the cylinder. The hole at the top is sealed. $A$ water tank is brought below the cylinder and put in a position so that the water surface in the tank is at the same level as the top of the cylinder as shown in the figure. The density of the water is $\rho$. In equilibrium,the height $H$ of the water column in the cylinder satisfies
$(A) \rho g(L_0 - H)^2 + P_0(L_0 - H) + L_0 P_0 = 0$
$(B) \rho g(L_0 - H)^2 - P_0(L_0 - H) - L_0 P_0 = 0$
$(C) \rho g(L_0 - H)^2 + P_0(L_0 - H) - L_0 P_0 = 0$
$(D) \rho g(L_0 - H)^2 - P_0(L_0 - H) + L_0 P_0 = 0$
Give the answer for questions $1, 2$ and $3$.

$A$ cylinder of fixed capacity $44.8 \, L$ contains helium gas at standard temperature and pressure. What is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of the gas in the cylinder by $15.0 \, ^{\circ}C$? $(R = 8.31 \, J \, mol^{-1} K^{-1})$

Given below are two statements:
Statement $I$: The temperature of a gas is $-73^{\circ} C$. When the gas is heated to $527^{\circ} C$,the root mean square speed of the molecules is doubled.
Statement $II$: The product of pressure and volume of an ideal gas is equal to the translational kinetic energy of the molecules.
In the light of the above statements,choose the correct answer from the options given below:

$CO_2$ $(O-C-O)$ is a triatomic gas. The mean kinetic energy of one gram of the gas will be (where $N$ is Avogadro's number,$k$ is Boltzmann's constant,and the molecular weight of $CO_2 = 44$).

An ideal gas at pressure $P$ and temperature $T$ is expanding such that $PT^3 = \text{constant}$. The coefficient of volume expansion of the gas is . . . . . . .