Photolysis of water takes place in

Where are the protons found in the highest concentration within the chloroplast?

Read the following statements:
$(a)$ $F_{0}$ part of $ATP$ase is associated with the breakdown of the proton gradient.
$(b)$ $A$ $H^+$ carrier contributes to the creation of the proton gradient.
$(c)$ Movement of electrons in $ETS$ is coupled to the pumping of protons into the lumen.
$(d)$ Formation of $NADPH + H^+$ is related to the creation of the proton gradient.
How many of the above statements are correct?

During the light reaction,the water splits into

Which element helps in electron transport during the process of photosynthesis?

Primitive photosynthetic plants used solar energy through ....