The acceleration of an electron due to the mutual attraction between the electron and a proton when they are $1.6 \; \mathring{A}$ apart is,$(m_{e} \simeq 9 \times 10^{-31} \; kg, e = 1.6 \times 10^{-19} \; C)$. (Take $\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} = 9 \times 10^{9} \; Nm^{2} C^{-2}$)

$(a)$ In a quark model of elementary particles,a neutron is made of one up quark [ charge $\frac{2}{3}e$ ] and two down quarks [ charges $-\frac{1}{3}e$ ]. Assume that they have a triangle configuration with side length of the order of ${10^{ - 15}} \ m$. Calculate the electrostatic potential energy of the neutron and compare it with its mass $939 \ MeV$. $(b)$ Repeat the above exercise for a proton which is made of two up and one down quark.

Two point charges $+9e$ and $+e$ are placed at a distance of $16\, cm$ from each other. Where should a third charge $q$ be placed between them so that the system remains in equilibrium?

Two small spheres,each carrying a charge of $+q$,are connected by an insulating string of length $2a$. What is the tension in the string?

Three point charges of magnitude $5 \mu C$,$0.16 \mu C$,and $0.3 \mu C$ are located at the vertices $A$,$B$,and $C$ of a right-angled triangle whose sides are $AB = 3 \, cm$,$BC = 3 \sqrt{2} \, cm$,and $CA = 3 \, cm$. Point $A$ is the right-angle corner. Calculate the magnitude of the net electrostatic force (in $N$) experienced by the charge at point $A$ due to the other two charges.

Two identical conducting spheres,having charges of opposite sign,attract each other with a force of $0.108 \ N$ when separated by $0.5 \ m$. The spheres are connected by a conducting wire,which is then removed,and thereafter,they repel each other with a force of $0.036 \ N$. The initial charges on the spheres are