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(D) The mechanism of esterification (Fischer esterification) involves the following steps:$1$. Protonation of the carbonyl oxygen of the carboxylic ac

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$4, 2, 1, 3$

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(D) The mechanism of esterification (Fischer esterification) involves the following steps:$1$. Protonation of the carbonyl oxygen of the carboxylic acid: The carboxylic acid $(R-COOH)$ reacts with $H^+$ to form a protonated species,which is represented by structure $4$.$2$. Nucleophilic attack by the alcohol: The alcohol $(R'-OH)$ attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the protonated carboxylic acid,leading to the formation of the tetrahedral intermediate,which is represented by structure $2$.$3$. Proton transfer: $A$ proton is transferred from the oxygen of the alcohol group to one of the hydroxyl groups,resulting in the formation of an oxonium ion,represented by structure $1$.$4$. Elimination of water and deprotonation: The water molecule is eliminated,and the loss of a proton leads to the formation of the protonated ester,which is represented by structure $3$.Thus,the correct sequence is $4$ $\rightarrow 2$ $\rightarrow 1$ $\rightarrow 3$.

The following species are involved in the formation of an ester from a carboxylic acid in the presence of acid. The correct sequence of formation of these species is

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