The mechanism of $ATP$ formation in both chloroplasts and mitochondria is explained by:

The electrons needed to replace those removed from photosystem $I$ are provided by $:$

$X -$ In $PS-I$,Chlorophyll $a$ has an absorption peak at $680\, nm$.
$Y -$ In $PS-II$,it has an absorption maximum at $700\, nm$.

The chemiosmotic mechanism of $ATP$ synthesis was proposed by:

Identify the correct statements regarding chemiosmotic hypothesis :
$(a)$ Splitting of the water molecule takes place on the inner side of the membrane.
$(b)$ Protons accumulate within the lumen of the thylakoids.
$(c)$ Primary acceptor of electron transfers the electrons to an electron carrier.
$(d)$ $NADP$ reductase enzyme is located on the stroma side of the membrane.
$(e)$ Protons increase in number in stroma.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

During $ATP$ synthesis,electrons are transported through .........