The peak electric field produced by the radiation coming from the $80\, W$ bulb at a distance of $10\, m$ is $\frac{x}{10} \sqrt{\frac{\mu_{0} c }{\pi}} \,\frac{ V }{ m }$. The efficiency of the bulb is $10\, \%$ and it is a point source. The value of $x$ is ...... .

For which of the following media will the wave propagation occur without experiencing attenuation?

If $c$ is the speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum,its speed in a medium of dielectric constant $K$ and relative permeability $\mu_r$ is:

If the intensity of an electromagnetic wave is $0.02 \ W/m^2$ and its velocity in free space is $3 \times 10^8 \ m/s$,then the energy density of the radiation is ..... $J/m^3$.

Answer the following questions:
$(a)$ Long distance radio broadcasts use short-wave bands. Why?
$(b)$ It is necessary to use satellites for long distance $TV$ transmission. Why?
$(c)$ Optical and radio telescopes are built on the ground but $X$-ray astronomy is possible only from satellites orbiting the earth. Why?
$(d)$ The small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival. Why?
$(e)$ If the earth did not have an atmosphere,would its average surface temperature be higher or lower than what it is now?
$(f)$ Some scientists have predicted that a global nuclear war on the earth would be followed by a severe 'nuclear winter' with a devastating effect on life on earth. What might be the basis of this prediction?

$A$ plane electromagnetic wave is incident on a surface. If this wave transfers momentum $P$ and energy $U$ to the surface,then: