The phase difference between the incident wave and the reflected wave is $180^o$ when a light ray:

In the figure below,$PQRS$ denotes the path followed by a ray of light as it travels through three media in succession. The absolute refractive indices of the media are $\mu_1, \mu_2$ and $\mu_3$,respectively. (The line segment $RS$ in the figure is parallel to $PQ$). Then,

$A$ glass slab consists of thin uniform layers of progressively decreasing refractive indices $(RI)$ such that the $RI$ of any layer is $\mu - m \Delta \mu$. Here, $\mu$ and $\Delta \mu$ denote the $RI$ of the $0^{\text{th}}$ layer and the difference in $RI$ between any two consecutive layers, respectively. The integer $m = 0, 1, 2, 3, \ldots$ denotes the number of the successive layers. $A$ ray of light from the $0^{\text{th}}$ layer enters the $1^{\text{st}}$ layer at an angle of incidence of $30^{\circ}$. After undergoing the $m^{\text{th}}$ refraction, the ray emerges parallel to the interface. If $\mu = 1.5$ and $\Delta \mu = 0.015$, the value of $m$ is:

The optical path of a monochromatic light is the same if it goes through $4.0 \, cm$ of glass or $4.5 \, cm$ of water. If the refractive index of glass is $1.53$,the refractive index of water is:

$A$ circular disc of radius $R$ is placed co-axially and horizontally inside an opaque hemispherical bowl of radius $a$ (See figure). The far edge of the disc is just visible when viewed from the edge of the bowl. The bowl is filled with a transparent liquid of refractive index $\mu$ and the near edge of the disc becomes just visible. How far below the top of the bowl is the disc placed?

The angles of incidence and refraction of a monochromatic ray of light of wavelength $\lambda$ at an air-glass interface are $i$ and $r$,respectively. $A$ parallel beam of light with a small spread $\delta \lambda$ in wavelength about a mean wavelength $\lambda$ is refracted at the same air-glass interface. The refractive index $\mu$ of glass depends on the wavelength $\lambda$ as $\mu(\lambda)=a+b / \lambda^2$,where $a$ and $b$ are constants. Then,the angular spread in the angle of refraction of the beam is