Two conducting wires of the same material and of equal lengths and equal diameters are first connected in series and then parallel in a circuit across the same potential difference. The ratio of heat produced in series and parallel combinations would be -

State $Ohm's$ law. Write the mathematical representation of $Ohm's$ law. Use this relationship to define $1\, ohm.$ List two disadvantages of connecting different electrical appliances in series.

Find out the following in the electric circuit given in the figure:
$(a)$ Effective resistance of two $8\, \Omega$ resistors in the combination.
$(b)$ Current flowing through $4\, \Omega$ resistor.
$(c)$ Potential difference across $4\, \Omega$ resistor.
$(d)$ Power dissipated in $4\, \Omega$ resistor.
$(e)$ Difference in ammeter readings,if any.

An electric bulb rated $220 \, V, 60 \, W$ is working at full efficiency. $(i)$ State the resistance of the coil of the bulb. Another identical bulb is connected in series with the first one and the system is connected across the mains as shown below. $(ii)$ State the rate of conversion of energy in each bulb. $(iii)$ Calculate the total power. $(iv)$ What will be the total power if the bulbs are connected in parallel?

$(a)$ What is meant by saying that the potential difference between two points is $1$ volt?
$(b)$ Why does the connecting cord of an electrical heater not glow while the heating element does?
$(c)$ Electrical resistivities of some substances at $20^{\circ}C$ are given below:

Silver	$1.60 \times 10^{-8} \, \Omega m$
Copper	$1.62 \times 10^{-8} \, \Omega m$
Tungsten	$5.2 \times 10^{-8} \, \Omega m$
Iron	$10.0 \times 10^{-8} \, \Omega m$
Mercury	$94.0 \times 10^{-8} \, \Omega m$
Nichrome	$100 \times 10^{-6} \, \Omega m$

Answer the following questions in relation to them:
$(i)$ Among silver and copper, which one is a better conductor? Why?
$(ii)$ Which material would you advise to use in electrical heating devices? Why?

$A$ hot plate of an electric oven connected to a $220 \ V$ line has two resistors $A$ and $B$ each of $22 \ \Omega$ resistance. These resistors may be used separately,in series,or in parallel. Find the current flowing in all the three cases.