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(A) In the ionosphere,the interaction of electromagnetic waves with the plasma leads to two types of currents: the conduction current (space current)

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$\pi \, rad$

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(A) In the ionosphere,the interaction of electromagnetic waves with the plasma leads to two types of currents: the conduction current (space current) and the displacement current.According to Maxwell's equations,the displacement current density is given by $J_d = \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial E}{\partial t}$.For a harmonic wave $E = E_0 \sin(\omega t)$,the displacement current is $J_d = \epsilon_0 \omega E_0 \cos(\omega t) = \epsilon_0 \omega E_0 \sin(\omega t + \pi / 2)$.The conduction current (space current) $J_c$ in a plasma is related to the electric field by $J_c = \sigma E$,where $\sigma$ is the conductivity. In the ionosphere,the motion of electrons is dominated by inertia,making the current lag behind the electric field by $\pi / 2$.Thus,the conduction current $J_c$ is proportional to $\sin(\omega t - \pi / 2)$.The phase difference between the displacement current $(\sin(\omega t + \pi / 2))$ and the conduction current $(\sin(\omega t - \pi / 2))$ is $(\pi / 2) - (-\pi / 2) = \pi \, rad$.

What is the phase difference between the space current and the capacitive displacement current produced when radio waves pass through the ionosphere?

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