What type of force is acting in the cases given above?

$A$ bullet of mass $5 \, g$ travelling at a speed of $120 \, m s^{-1}$ penetrates deeply into a fixed target and is brought to rest in $0.01 \, s$. Calculate: $(a)$ the distance of penetration in the target,$(b)$ the average force exerted on the bullet.

Explain the following:
$(i)$ Why is it difficult to walk on marshy land?
$(ii)$ Why does an air-filled balloon rise up slightly when punctured from below?
$(iii)$ Why does a swimmer push water backward with his hands in order to swim in the forward direction?

Amar, Javed, and Rita were riding in a bus that was moving with a high velocity on a highway when a bug hit the windshield and its dead body got stuck on the windscreen. Amar and Javed began discussing the situation. Amar suggested that the change in momentum of the bug is much greater than that of the bus. After all, argued Amar, there was no noticeable change in the velocity of the bus compared to the obvious change in the velocity of the bug. Javed opined that since the bus was moving with a larger velocity, so it exerted a larger force on the bug, as a result of which it died. Rita disagreed entirely, arguing that both the bug and bus experienced the same force and a change in their momentum. Who do you agree with? Support your answer.

$(a)$ Define momentum and mention its $SI$ unit.
$(b)$ From the velocity-time graph shown in the figure for a body of mass $5\, kg$,find the force on the body from:
$(i)$ $O$ to $A$ and $(ii)$ $B$ to $C$.
$(c)$ Which would require a greater force: accelerating a $2\, kg$ mass at $5\, m s^{-2}$ or a $4\, kg$ mass at $2\, m s^{-2}$?

In the following example, try to identify the number of times the velocity of the ball changes:
"$A$ football player kicks a football to another player of his team who kicks the football towards the goal. The goalkeeper of the opposite team collects the football and kicks it towards a player of his own team".
Also identify the agent supplying the force in each case.