When sunlight falls normally on Earth,a luminous flux density (illuminance) of $1.57 \times 10^5 \; lm/m^2$ is produced on Earth. The distance of Earth from the Sun is $1.5 \times 10^8 \; km$. The luminous intensity of the Sun in candela is:

Physical processes are sometimes described visually by lines. Only the following can cross.

$A$ concave mirror is placed on a horizontal table,with its axis directed vertically upwards. Let $O$ be the pole of the mirror and $C$ its centre of curvature. $A$ point object is placed at $C$. It has a real image,also located at $C$ (a condition called auto-collimation). If the mirror is now filled with water,the image will be:

$A$ point object is placed at a distance of $60\, cm$ from a convex lens of focal length $30\, cm$. If a plane mirror is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of the lens at a distance of $40\, cm$ from it,the final image is formed at a distance of:

$A$ camera objective has an aperture diameter $d.$ If the aperture is reduced to diameter $d/2,$ the exposure time under identical conditions of light should be made

The $45^{\circ}-45^{\circ}-90^{\circ}$ prism of height $10 \,cm$ (see image) has a refractive index $\mu = 2$,with a silvered hypotenuse surface. $A$ convex lens of focal length $10 \,cm$ is placed $15 \,cm$ in front of a wall. The system produces a sharp image of point $P$ on the wall. The value of $h$ (in $cm$) is closest to: