Which of the following substances,if introduced into the blood stream,causes coagulation of blood at the site of its introduction?

Given that,$a \alpha^2+2 b \alpha+c \neq 0$ and that the system of equations
$\begin{aligned} & (a \alpha+b) x+a y+b z=0 \\ & (b \alpha+c) x+b y+c z=0 \\ & (a \alpha+b) y+(b \alpha+c) z=0\end{aligned}$
has a non-trivial solution,then $a, b$ and $c$ lie in

Define the octet rule. Write its significance and limitations.

If $\frac{1}{2} \leq x \leq 1$,then $\cos ^{-1} x+\cos ^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{2}+\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{3-3 x^2}\right)$ is equal to

If the length of a stretched string is shortened by $40 \%$ and the tension is increased by $44 \%$,then the ratio of the final and initial fundamental frequencies is :

Chemical $A$ is used for the removal of temporary hardness of water. Compound $A$ reacts with $Na_2CO_3$ to produce caustic soda. When $CO_2$ gas is passed through $A$,it turns milky. What is the chemical formula of $A$?