Which ray contains positively charged particles?

$A$ nucleus $X$ emits a beta particle to produce a nucleus $Y$. If their atomic masses are $M_{x}$ and $M_{y}$ respectively, the maximum energy of the beta particle emitted is (where $m_{e}$ is the mass of an electron and $c$ is the velocity of light):

$A$ radioactive material $P$ first decays into $Q$ and then $Q$ decays to non-radioactive material $R$. Which of the following figures represents the time-dependent mass of $P$,$Q$,and $R$?

If $_{92}U^{238}$ undergoes successively $8 \alpha$-decays and $6 \beta$-decays,then the resulting nucleus is

$A$ nucleus with mass number $220$ initially at rest emits an $\alpha$-particle. If the $Q$ value of the reaction is $5.5\, MeV$,calculate the kinetic energy of the $\alpha$-particle in $MeV$.

In the emission of $\gamma$-rays from a nucleus: