Why do people prefer to give a layer of sand or foam insulation on ceilings made of concrete?

The ratio of thermal conductivities of two materials is $1 : 2$. If the ratio of the lengths of the rods of these materials is $1 : 2$ and the ratio of their cross-sectional areas is $2 : 1$,then the ratio of their thermal resistances is:

$A$ window used to thermally insulate a room from outside consists of two parallel glass sheets each of area $2.6 \,m^2$ and thickness $1 \,cm$ separated by $5 \,cm$ thick stagnant air. In the steady state, the room-glass interface is at $18^{\circ} C$ and the glass-outdoor interface is at $-2^{\circ} C$. If the thermal conductivities of glass and air are respectively $0.8 \,Wm^{-1} K^{-1}$ and $0.08 \,Wm^{-1} K^{-1}$, the rate of flow of heat through the window is (in $\,W$)

Two cylinders $P$ and $Q$ have the same length and diameter and are made of different materials having thermal conductivities in the ratio $2 : 3$. These two cylinders are combined to make a single cylinder. One end of $P$ is kept at $100^{\circ}C$ and the other end of $Q$ is kept at $0^{\circ}C$. The temperature at the interface of $P$ and $Q$ is ...... $^{\circ}C$.

Three identical rods $A, B$ and $C$ are placed end to end. $A$ temperature difference is maintained between the free ends of $A$ and $C$. The thermal conductivity of $B$ is thrice that of $C$ and half of that of $A$. The effective thermal conductivity of the system will be ($K_{A}$ is the thermal conductivity of rod $A$).

Five identical rods are joined as shown in the figure. Points $A$ and $C$ are maintained at temperatures $120^\circ C$ and $20^\circ C$ respectively. The temperature of junction $B$ will be....... $^\circ C$