What is downstream processing?

Identify the correct sequence of steps in the Polymerase Chain Reaction $(PCR)$.

Significance of heat shock method in bacterial transformation is to facilitate

Spooling is:

Besides better aeration and mixing properties,what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?

Study the given figure carefully and select the correct statements regarding this.
$I.$ It represents typical agarose gel electrophoresis showing differential migration of $DNA$ fragments.
$II.$ Lane $1$ contains undigested $DNA$ fragments.
$III.$ Lanes $2$ to $4$ contain digested $DNA$ fragments.
$IV.$ Smallest $DNA$ bands are present at $(A)$ position and largest $DNA$ bands are present at $(B)$ position.