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(B) Characteristic $X$-rays are produced when an element is bombarded with high-energy particles such as photons,electrons,or ions.When an incident pa

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Transition of electrons from higher to lower electronic orbits in an atom

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(B) Characteristic $X$-rays are produced when an element is bombarded with high-energy particles such as photons,electrons,or ions.When an incident particle strikes a bound electron in an atom,the bound electron is ejected from an inner shell of the atom.After the electron is ejected,the atom is left with a vacant energy level,known as a core hole.Electrons from outer shells then fall into the inner shell,emitting quantized photons with energy equivalent to the difference between the higher and lower energy states.Since each element has a unique set of energy levels,the transitions from higher to lower energy levels produce $X$-rays with frequencies that are characteristic to each specific element.

Characteristic $X$-rays are produced due to

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