If $E_c$ and $E_m$ are peak values of carrier and modulating signals,respectively,then for $100 \%$ modulation,

Assertion $(A)$: Television signals are received through sky-wave propagation.
Reason $(R)$: The ionosphere reflects electromagnetic waves of frequencies in the range $(3-30)$ $MHz$.
Choose the correct option.

This question has Statement-$1$ and Statement-$2$. Of the four choices given after the statements, choose the one that best describes the two statements.
Statement-$1$: Sky wave signals are used for long-distance radio communication. These signals are, in general, less stable than ground wave signals.
Statement-$2$: The state of the ionosphere varies from hour to hour, day to day, and season to season.

Which one of the following is not classified as pulse modulation?

$A$ transmitting antenna of height $20 \,m$ and a receiving antenna of height $h$ are separated by a distance of $40 \,km$ for satisfactory communication in line-of-sight $(LOS)$ mode. The value of $h$ is (Given: radius of Earth is $6400 \,km$). (in $\,m$)

The amplitude of the upper and lower sidebands of an $A.M.$ wave,where a carrier signal with frequency $11.21 \, MHz$ and peak voltage $15 \, V$ is amplitude modulated by a $7.7 \, kHz$ sine wave of $5 \, V$ amplitude,are $\frac{a}{10} \, V$ and $\frac{b}{10} \, V$ respectively. Then the value of $\frac{a}{b}$ is $....$