Two radioactive substances $X$ and $Y$ initially contain equal number of nuclei. $X$ has a half-life of $1\, hour$ and $Y$ has a half-life of $2\, hours$. After $2\, hours$,the ratio of the activity of $X$ to the activity of $Y$ is

If the measurement errors in all the independent quantities are known,then it is possible to determine the error in any dependent quantity. This is done by the use of series expansion and truncating the expansion at the first power of the error. For example,consider the relation $z = x / y$. If the errors in $x, y$ and $z$ are $\Delta x, \Delta y$ and $\Delta z$,respectively,then $z \pm \Delta z = \frac{x \pm \Delta x}{y \pm \Delta y} = \frac{x}{y}(1 \pm \frac{\Delta x}{x})(1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$. The series expansion for $(1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$,to first power in $\Delta y / y$,is $1 \mp(\Delta y / y)$. The relative errors in independent variables are always added. So the error in $z$ will be $\Delta z = z(\frac{\Delta x}{x} + \frac{\Delta y}{y})$. The above derivation makes the assumption that $\Delta x / x \ll 1, \Delta y / y \ll 1$. Therefore,the higher powers of these quantities are neglected.
$(1)$ Consider the ratio $r = \frac{(1-a)}{(1+a)}$ to be determined by measuring a dimensionless quantity $a$. If the error in the measurement of $a$ is $\Delta a$ $(\Delta a / a \ll 1)$,then what is the error $\Delta r$?
$(2)$ In an experiment,the initial number of radioactive nuclei is $3000$. It is found that $1000 \pm 40$ nuclei decayed in the first $1.0 \ s$. For $|x| \ll 1$,$\ln(1+x) \approx x$ up to the first power in $x$. The error $\Delta \lambda$,in the determination of the decay constant $\lambda$,in $s^{-1}$,is:

The decay constant of a radioactive substance is $0.173 \, (years)^{-1}.$ Therefore:

$A$ small quantity of solution containing $Na^{24}$ radionuclide of activity $1 \, \mu Ci$ is injected into the blood of a person. $A$ sample of the blood of volume $1 \, cm^3$ taken after $5 \, hours$ shows an activity of $298$ disintegrations per minute. What will be the total volume of the blood in the body of the person? Assume that the radioactive solution mixes uniformly in the blood of the person. (Take $1 \, Ci = 3.7 \times 10^{10}$ disintegrations per second and $e^{-\lambda t} = 0.7927$; where $\lambda$ is the disintegration constant and $t = 5 \, hours$.)

The half-life period of a radioactive sample is $3.8 \ days$. After how many days will the sample become $\frac{1}{8}$ of the original substance?

The decay constant for a radioactive nuclide is $1.5 \times 10^{-5} \, s^{-1}$. The molar mass of the substance is $60 \, g \, mol^{-1}$,$(N_A = 6 \times 10^{23})$. The activity of $1.0 \, \mu g$ of the substance is $....... \times 10^{10} \, Bq$.