Which group from the following is responsible for the $(-R)$ effect?

The correct order for the rate of decarboxylation of the following compounds with sodalime will be:

State True or False for the following statements:
$(i)$ The stability is explained by resonance effect and hyperconjugation.
$(ii)$ The resonance structures are drawn in resonance and hyperconjugation.
$(iii)$ Hyperconjugation is a bondless resonance.
$(iv)$ In resonance structure,there is movement of electron pair of only $\pi$ bond.

Which of the following groups exhibits $(+)R$ effect?

The electron displacement in a covalent bond of a molecule is produced by which type of effects?

Chloroacetic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid. This can be explained using