Coal and Petroleum Questions in English

(N/A) Coal and petroleum are non-renewable fossil fuels. As an individual,we can contribute to their conservation through the following ways:
$(i)$ Use public transport like buses or practice carpooling to reduce the consumption of petroleum.
$(ii)$ Avoid using coal as a domestic fuel in stoves or angithis.
$(iii)$ Shift towards alternative and renewable sources of energy,such as solar energy,wind energy,and hydroelectric energy,to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels.

(N/A) Both coal and petroleum are fossil fuels that take millions of years to form from the remains of ancient biomass. Because the rate at which we are consuming these resources is significantly faster than the rate at which they are being naturally replenished,they are non-renewable and will be exhausted in the near future. Therefore,it is essential to conserve them.

(N/A) The two examples of fossil fuels are coal and petroleum. These are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals that were buried under the Earth's crust for millions of years.

(N/A) The two examples of fossil fuels are:
$(i)$ Coal
$(ii)$ Petroleum
$(iii)$ Natural gas

(A) Coal is the primary fossil fuel that currently provides the largest share of the world's energy needs,particularly for electricity generation and industrial processes.

(N/A) $(i)$ Coke is used as a reducing agent in metallurgical processes for the extraction of metals.
$(ii)$ Coke is used in the manufacture of fuel gases such as water gas $(CO + H_2)$ and producer gas $(CO + N_2)$.

(N/A) $(i)$ Coal and petroleum were formed from the degradation of biomass millions of years ago, and they are non-renewable resources, meaning they will eventually get exhausted.
$(ii)$ When fossil fuels are burnt, they release harmful gases and particulate matter, which cause air pollution and respiratory problems.
$(iii)$ Fossil fuels are huge reservoirs of carbon. If all this carbon is converted into $CO_2$ through combustion, it will significantly increase the greenhouse effect, leading to global warming and climate change.

(N/A) Fossil fuels are non$-$renewable energy sources formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals that were buried under sedimentary layers of the Earth millions of years ago.
These remains underwent high pressure and temperature conditions over geological time to transform into fuel.
Examples of fossil fuels include $Coal$ and $Petroleum$.

(N/A) $(i)$ Conversion into efficient forms like $CNG$.
$(ii)$ Protection of resources from fires.
$(iii)$ Avoid wastage of oil.
$(iv)$ Make more use of renewable sources of energy.

(N/A) Coal and petroleum are called fossil fuels because they are formed from the buried remains of ancient plants and animals that lived millions of years ago,which have been subjected to high pressure and temperature over geological time.
$(b)$ Two elements present in fossil fuels in addition to carbon are Hydrogen and Sulphur (or Nitrogen).

(N/A) Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy resources formed from the degradation of plant and animal biomass buried deep under the Earth millions of years ago.
$(b)$ Coal is the fossil fuel usually conserved when we save electricity,as most power plants in many regions rely on coal combustion for energy generation.
$(c)$ At the present rate of consumption,the known reserves of coal are estimated to last for approximately $200$ years,while the reserves of petroleum are estimated to last for about $40$ years.

(N/A) Natural gas is a naturally occurring mixture of methane (approx $85 \%$),ethane $(10 \%)$,propane $(3 \%)$,and butane $(2 \%)$. Other non-combustible gases like $CO_2$,$N_2$,and $O_2$ may also be present in the mixture.
Natural gas is formed by the action of heat,pressure,and microorganisms on buried organic matter over millions of years.

(A) $LPG$ (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) primarily consists of hydrocarbons like $n$-Butane,Isobutane,Propane,and Ethane.
It is obtained as a byproduct during the refining of crude oil or from natural gas wells.
Inside the cylinder,the gas is kept under very high pressure,which causes it to exist in a liquid state.
When the valve of the cylinder is opened,the gas is released into the burner where the pressure drops significantly,causing the liquid to vaporize and appear as a gas.

(N/A) Fossil fuels are energy sources formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals that were buried under the Earth's crust millions of years ago and underwent decomposition under high pressure and temperature.
The three common fossil fuels are: $(i)$ Coal,$(ii)$ Petroleum (Oil),and $(iii)$ Natural Gas.

(N/A) Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals buried deep under the earth millions of years ago.
They were covered by sediments like mud and sand in the absence of oxygen.
Under high pressure, high temperature, and the action of anaerobic bacteria, these remains were converted into coal, petroleum, and natural gas over millions of years.
Since these specific conditions are not currently prevailing, no new fossil fuels are being formed.
Therefore, they are classified as non-renewable sources of energy.
Steps to conserve these fuels include:
$1$. Use alternative energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, and biomass energy.
$2$. Follow the principle that "Energy saved is energy produced."
$3$. Use energy judiciously by switching off lights and fans when not in use.
$4$. Use energy-consuming appliances like geysers and electric irons carefully.
$5$. Reduce the use of private motor vehicles; instead, use public transport or carpool to save fuel.

(A) Destructive distillation of wood is a process where wood is heated in the absence of air.
This process yields several products,including wood gas,pyroligneous acid (which contains acetic acid),wood tar,and charcoal.
Coal is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of plants buried deep underground over millions of years under high pressure and temperature.
Therefore,coal is not a product of the destructive distillation of wood.

(A) Natural gas is a fossil fuel energy source that formed deep beneath the earth's surface.
It is primarily composed of $CH_4$ (Methane), which typically accounts for $70\%$ to $90\%$ of its composition.
Other components include small amounts of ethane, propane, butane, and non-hydrocarbon gases.
Therefore, the correct option is $A$.

(C) Petroleum is often referred to as $ \text{'liquid gold'} $ because of its immense economic value and its role as a primary energy source for the global economy.
It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that, when refined, yields various products like petrol, diesel, kerosene, and lubricants, which are essential for transportation, industry, and power generation.

(B) Renewable resources are those that can be replenished naturally over a short period of time. $Wind$, $Wildlife$, and $Water$ are considered renewable resources. $Coal$ is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years through the decomposition of organic matter under high pressure and temperature. Because its formation rate is extremely slow compared to its consumption rate, it is classified as a non-renewable resource.

(C) Fossil fuels are natural fuels formed from the remains of living organisms buried under the Earth's crust over millions of years.
Examples include coal,petroleum,and natural gas.
Wood,cow dung,and biogas are considered renewable or biomass-based energy sources,not fossil fuels.
Therefore,petroleum is the correct answer.

(B) $LPG$ (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is primarily obtained from the refining of mineral oil (petroleum). During the fractional distillation process of crude oil,various hydrocarbons are separated,and $LPG$ is one of the by-products obtained from this process.

(A) Coal gas is a gaseous fuel obtained by the destructive distillation of coal.
During this process,coal is heated in the absence of air,which produces coal gas,coal tar,and coke as by-products.
Therefore,the correct source of coal gas is mineral coal.