State whether the following statements are true or false:
$(a)$ If the magnitude of force and length are increased by $4$ times,the magnitude of energy increases by $16$ times.
$(b)$ In an inelastic collision,both momentum and energy are conserved.
$(c)$ If work is done on a system by non-conservative forces,the potential energy increases.

$A$ ball moving with speed $v$ hits another identical ball at rest. The two balls stick together after the collision. If the specific heat of the material of the balls is $S$,the temperature rise resulting from the collision is

Assertion $(A)$: In an elastic collision of two billiard balls,the total kinetic energy $(KE)$ is conserved during the short time of collision of the balls (i.e.,when they are in contact).
Reason $(R)$: Energy spent against friction does not follow the law of conservation of energy.

Two balls,having linear momenta $\vec{p}_1 = p \hat{i}$ and $\vec{p}_2 = -p \hat{i}$,undergo a collision in free space. There is no external force acting on the balls. Let $\vec{p}_1^{\prime}$ and $\vec{p}_2^{\prime}$ be their final momenta. Which of the following option$(s)$ is (are) $NOT ALLOWED$ for any non-zero value of $p, a_1, a_2, b_1, b_2, c_1$ and $c_2$?
$(A)$ $\vec{p}_1^{\prime} = a_1 \hat{i} + b_1 \hat{j} + c_1 \hat{k}$,$\vec{p}_2^{\prime} = a_2 \hat{i} + b_2 \hat{j}$
$(B)$ $\vec{p}_1^{\prime} = c_1 \hat{k}$,$\vec{p}_2^{\prime} = c_2 \hat{k}$
$(C)$ $\vec{p}_1^{\prime} = a_1 \hat{i} + b_1 \hat{j} + c_1 \hat{k}$,$\vec{p}_2^{\prime} = a_2 \hat{i} + b_2 \hat{j} - c_1 \hat{k}$
$(D)$ $\vec{p}_1^{\prime} = a_1 \hat{i} + b_1 \hat{j}$,$\vec{p}_2^{\prime} = a_2 \hat{i} + b_1 \hat{j}$

Blocks of masses $m, m, 2m, 4m$ and $8m$ are arranged in a line on a frictionless floor. Another block of mass $m$,moving with speed $v$ along the same line (see figure) collides with the first mass $m$ in a perfectly inelastic manner. All the subsequent collisions are also perfectly inelastic. By the time the last block of mass $8m$ starts moving,the total energy loss is $p\%$ of the original energy. The value of $p$ is close to:

$A$ body of mass $2 \, \text{kg}$ moving with a speed of $4 \, \text{m/s}$ makes an elastic collision with another body at rest and continues to move in the original direction but with one-fourth of its initial speed. The speed of the two-body centre of mass is $\frac{x}{10} \, \text{m/s}$. Then the value of $x$ is ..... .