Transportation Questions in English

(N/A) In human beings,oxygen $(O_2)$ is transported by the respiratory pigment haemoglobin present in red blood cells. Haemoglobin has a very high affinity for $O_2$. It binds with $O_2$ molecules obtained from the lungs during breathing to form oxyhaemoglobin,making the blood oxygenated. This oxygenated blood is then pumped by the heart to all body cells for cellular respiration.
After delivering $O_2$ to the body cells,the blood collects carbon dioxide $(CO_2)$,which is a byproduct of cellular respiration. Since haemoglobin has a much lower affinity for $CO_2$ compared to $O_2$,most of the $CO_2$ is transported in a dissolved form in the blood plasma. This de-oxygenated blood carries $CO_2$ back to the lung alveoli,where it is released and exchanged for fresh $O_2$.

(N/A) The main components of the transport system in human beings are the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
$1$. $Heart$: It acts as a pumping organ that circulates oxygenated blood to all parts of the body and collects deoxygenated blood to send it to the lungs for oxygenation.
$2$. $Blood$: As a fluid connective tissue, it transports oxygen, nutrients, $CO_2$, and nitrogenous waste products throughout the body.
$3$. $Blood$ $vessels$: These include arteries, veins, and capillaries. They form a network of tubes that carry blood away from the heart to the tissues and return it back to the heart.

(N/A) Warm-blooded animals,such as birds and mammals,maintain a constant body temperature by cooling themselves in hotter environments and warming their bodies in cooler environments.
This process requires a significant amount of energy,which is generated through cellular respiration.
To support high rates of cellular respiration,these animals require a constant and efficient supply of oxygen $(O_2)$.
Separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood ensures that the circulatory system functions at maximum efficiency,preventing the mixing of blood and ensuring that oxygen-rich blood is delivered effectively to all tissues to meet their high energy demands for thermoregulation.

(A) In highly organised plants, there are two different types of conducting tissues: $Xylem$ and $Phloem$.
$Xylem$ is responsible for the conduction of water and dissolved minerals absorbed from the soil by the roots to the various parts of the plant.
$Phloem$ is responsible for the translocation of food materials (synthesized during photosynthesis) from the leaves to other parts of the plant body.

(N/A) The components of $xylem$ tissue (tracheids and vessels) of roots,stems,and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of water-conducting channels that reaches all parts of the plant.
Transpiration creates a suction pressure,as a result of which water is forced into the $xylem$ cells of the roots.
Then,there is a steady movement of water from the root $xylem$ to all the plant parts through the interconnected water-conducting channels.

(N/A) In plants,food is transported through a specialized vascular tissue called phloem.
Phloem transports food materials,primarily sucrose,from the leaves (source) to different parts of the plant body (sink),such as roots,stems,and fruits.
The process of food transportation in phloem is known as translocation and is achieved by utilizing energy from $ATP$.
When sucrose is loaded into the phloem,it increases the osmotic pressure in the tissue,causing water to move into the phloem from adjacent xylem vessels.
This increase in pressure creates a pressure gradient that moves the food material in the phloem towards tissues with lower pressure.
This mechanism allows the plant to transport nutrients efficiently according to its metabolic needs.

(C) In plants,the $xylem$ tissue is a complex permanent tissue that is primarily responsible for the upward conduction of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stem and leaves. This process is known as the ascent of sap.

(B) Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment responsible for transporting oxygen to body cells for cellular respiration.
Deficiency of haemoglobin reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
This leads to an insufficient supply of oxygen to the body cells,which can cause fatigue,weakness,and a condition known as anaemia.

(N/A) The human heart is divided into four chambers: the right atrium,the right ventricle,the left atrium,and the left ventricle.
Flow of blood in the heart:
The heart has superior and inferior vena cava,which carry deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower regions of the body respectively and supply this deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart.
The right atrium then contracts and passes the deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle through an atrioventricular aperture.
Then,the right ventricle contracts and pumps the deoxygenated blood into the two pulmonary arteries,which carry it to the lungs where the blood becomes oxygenated. From the lungs,the pulmonary veins transport the oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart.
Then,the left atrium contracts and the oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle through the atrioventricular aperture.
The blood then passes into the aorta from the left ventricle. The aorta gives rise to many arteries that distribute the oxygenated blood to all regions of the body.
Therefore,the blood passes twice through the heart in one complete cycle. This is known as double circulation.
Importance of double circulation:
The separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood allows for a more efficient supply of oxygen to the body cells. This efficient system of oxygen supply is essential for warm-blooded animals like human beings.
Warm-blooded animals must maintain a constant body temperature by regulating heat. Hence,they require more $O_2$ for cellular respiration to produce the energy needed to maintain their body temperature. Thus,the circulatory system of humans is highly efficient due to the double circulatory heart.

(N/A)

Transport of materials in xylem	Transport of materials in phloem
$(i)$ Xylem tissue helps in the transport of water and minerals.	$(i)$ Phloem tissue helps in the transport of food.
$(ii)$ Water is transported upwards from roots to all other plant parts.	$(ii)$ Food is transported in both upward and downward directions.
$(iii)$ Transport in xylem occurs with the help of simple physical forces such as transpiration pull.	$(iii)$ Transport of food in phloem requires energy in the form of $ATP$.

(A) Step $1$: Analyze statement $(i)$. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, not the body. Thus, $(i)$ is incorrect.
Step $2$: Analyze statement $(ii)$. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body, and the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Thus, $(ii)$ is correct.
Step $3$: Analyze statement $(iii)$. The left atrium transfers blood to the left ventricle, not the right ventricle. Thus, $(iii)$ is incorrect.
Step $4$: Analyze statement $(iv)$. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body. Thus, $(iv)$ is correct.
Conclusion: Statements $(ii)$ and $(iv)$ are true.

(B) The heart contains specialized structures called valves (such as the tricuspid,bicuspid,and semilunar valves).
These valves act as one-way doors that open to allow blood to flow in the correct direction and close tightly to prevent the backflow of blood when the heart chambers (atria and ventricles) contract.
Therefore,valves are the primary structures responsible for ensuring unidirectional blood flow.

(C) Single circulation is a characteristic feature of fishes,where the heart receives only deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the gills for oxygenation,from where it passes directly to the rest of the body.
In the given options:
$A$: Labeo (fish),Chameleon (reptile),Salamander (amphibian).
$B$: Hyla (amphibian),Rana (amphibian),Draco (reptile).
$C$: Hippocampus (sea horse),Exocoetus (flying fish),Anabas (climbing perch). All these are bony fishes.
$D$: Whale (mammal),Dolphin (mammal),Turtle (reptile).
Therefore,option $C$ represents a group of organisms that all exhibit single circulation.

(D) In $Pisces$ (fishes),the heart is two-chambered,consisting of one atrium and one ventricle.
It pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills for oxygenation,and this oxygenated blood then goes directly to the rest of the body without returning to the heart.
Therefore,the heart in $Pisces$ only pumps deoxygenated blood.
In contrast,amphibians,reptiles,birds,and mammals have hearts that pump oxygenated blood to the body tissues.

(A) Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various parts of the body (except the pulmonary artery).
Because the blood is pumped directly from the heart,it flows under high pressure.
To withstand this high pressure,arteries have thick,elastic walls.
Unlike veins,arteries do not have valves inside because the high pressure ensures the blood flows in only one direction.

(N/A) This plant will not remain healthy for a long time because:
$(a)$ It will not get oxygen for respiration.
$(b)$ It will not get carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
$(c)$ The upward movement of water and minerals (transpiration pull) would be hampered due to the blockage of stomata,which prevents transpiration.

(N/A)

Artery	Vein
$1.$ Have thick,elastic,muscular walls.	$1.$ Have thin,non-elastic walls.
$2.$ Lumen is narrow.	$2.$ Lumen is wide.
$3.$ Carry blood from the heart to all body parts.	$3.$ Carry blood from all body parts to the heart.
$4.$ Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery).	$4.$ Carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein).

(N/A) The blood circulation in the human heart is called double circulation because the blood passes through the heart twice in one complete cycle of the body.
First,deoxygenated blood enters the right half of the heart to be pumped to the lungs for oxygenation.
Second,oxygenated blood returns to the left half of the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body.
This separation ensures that oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix,making the process highly efficient.

(B) In a four-chambered heart,the left half is completely separated from the right half by septa.
This structural separation prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.
Consequently,this allows for a highly efficient supply of oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.
This adaptation is particularly beneficial for endothermic animals like birds and mammals,which have high energy requirements to maintain their body temperature.

(B) Arteries carry blood from the heart to various organs of the body under high pressure,which is why they have thick and elastic walls.
Veins collect blood from different organs and return it to the heart.
Since the blood in veins is no longer under high pressure,their walls are thin.
Additionally,veins contain valves to ensure that blood flows in only one direction.

(A) Platelets are specialized blood cells that play a crucial role in the process of blood coagulation or clotting.
When an injury occurs,platelets aggregate at the site of the wound to form a plug,which prevents excessive blood loss.
If platelets were absent in the blood,the body would be unable to form these clots,leading to continuous bleeding even from minor injuries,which could be life-threatening.

(N/A) The cells of the root are in close contact with the soil and actively take up mineral ions from the soil.
This accumulation of ions increases the solute concentration inside the root cells,which in turn increases the osmotic pressure.
Due to this difference in osmotic pressure,water moves from the soil into the root cells by osmosis.
This process creates a steady movement of water,which then enters the root xylem and is transported upwards.

(A) Transpiration is important for plants due to the following reasons:
$(a)$ It creates a transpiration pull that helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves.
$(b)$ It helps in regulating the temperature of the plant by cooling the plant parts through the evaporation of water,thereby preventing them from overheating.

(N/A) The flow of blood through the human heart follows a specific pathway:
$1$. De-oxygenated blood from the body enters the $Right \text{ Atrium}$ through the $Vena \text{ Cava}$.
$2$. From the $Right \text{ Atrium}$, blood flows into the $Right \text{ Ventricle}$ through the $Tricuspid \text{ Valve}$.
$3$. The $Right \text{ Ventricle}$ pumps this de-oxygenated blood to the lungs via the $Pulmonary \text{ Artery}$ for oxygenation.
$4$. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the $Left \text{ Atrium}$ through the $Pulmonary \text{ Veins}$.
$5$. From the $Left \text{ Atrium}$, blood flows into the $Left \text{ Ventricle}$ through the $Mitral \text{ Valve}$.
$6$. Finally, the $Left \text{ Ventricle}$ pumps the oxygenated blood into the $Aorta$ to be distributed to the rest of the body.

(N/A) $(i)$ Plasma: It is the fluid matrix of blood that transports food,dissolved carbon dioxide,and nitrogenous wastes like urea.
$(ii)$ Haemoglobin: It is a red pigment present in red blood cells $(RBCs)$ that binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin and transports it to various tissues.

(B) The process of loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plants,such as leaves and stems,is known as $Transpiration$. This process helps in the upward movement of water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

(B) During the day,transpiration is the primary force driving water upward in plants.
However,at night,when stomata are closed and transpiration is minimal or absent,water is transported upward primarily due to root pressure.
Root pressure is generated by the active accumulation of ions from the soil into the vascular tissue of the roots,which creates an osmotic gradient that draws water into the xylem.

(A) The heart of fishes is $2$-chambered,consisting of one atrium and one ventricle.
In fishes,blood passes through the heart only once during each complete circulation through the body,which is known as single circulation.

(B) The ventricles are responsible for pumping blood out of the heart to various organs of the body.
This process requires high pressure to circulate blood through the entire circulatory system.
Therefore,the ventricles have thicker and more muscular walls compared to the atria,which only receive blood and pump it into the ventricles.

(C) Platelet cells,also known as thrombocytes,are essential components of the blood. Their primary function is to circulate throughout the body and initiate the process of blood clotting (coagulation) at the site of an injury. This prevents excessive blood loss and helps in the healing process.

(N/A) $(i)$ Fish heart has $2$ chambers (one atrium and one ventricle).
$(ii)$ Amphibian heart has $3$ chambers (two atria and one ventricle).
$(b)$ Mammals and birds are warm-blooded animals that maintain a constant body temperature. This process requires a significant amount of energy. Separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood ensures a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body tissues,which is essential for meeting these high energy demands.

(N/A) $(i)$ Valves are needed in the heart to ensure that blood flows in only one direction and does not flow backward when the atria or ventricles contract.
$(ii)$ To prevent leakage,blood contains specialized cells called platelets. These platelets circulate throughout the body and plug any leakage by forming a clot at the site of an injury.

(N/A) $(i)$ Xylem: Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.
$(ii)$ Pulmonary artery: Transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
$(iii)$ Pulmonary vein: Transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
$(iv)$ Phloem: Transports synthesized food (sucrose/sugars) from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

(N/A) The loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration.
Functions:
$(i)$ It helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.
$(ii)$ It helps in the regulation of plant temperature by providing a cooling effect.

(N/A) Transportation of materials is essential in animals for the following reasons:
$1$. It ensures the distribution of vital substances like food,oxygen,and water to all cells of the body.
$2$. It facilitates the removal of metabolic waste products from the cells to the excretory organs,from where they are expelled from the body.
$3$. It helps in maintaining a uniform internal environment,including the regulation of body temperature and pressure.

(N/A) When muscles work harder,they require more oxygen and nutrients. Consequently,the heart beats faster to increase the rate of blood circulation to meet this increased demand.
$(b)$ The circulatory system (or cardiovascular system) is directly affected when a person suffers from heart disease.
$(c)$ White blood cells (also known as leukocytes or $WBCs$) increase in number during an infection to help the body fight against pathogens.

(N/A) Lymph is a clear,colourless fluid that acts as a circulatory medium within the lymphatic system. It is formed from the interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic capillaries.
Composition difference:
Lymph is similar to blood plasma in composition but contains significantly less protein and lacks red blood cells and platelets.
Direction of flow:
Lymph flows in a unidirectional manner,moving from the interstitial spaces (tissues) towards the heart.
Functions of the lymphatic system:
$(i)$ It transports digested and absorbed fats from the intestine into the bloodstream.
(ii) It drains excess interstitial fluid from the extracellular spaces back into the blood,maintaining fluid balance.

(N/A) $Translocation$: The transport of food prepared in the leaves to other parts of the plant is known as $translocation$.
$Translocation$ is essential for plants to supply food to all parts of the plant. Food is required for producing energy during its oxidation,and this energy is necessary for all plant parts to perform their metabolic activities.
$(i)$ Sugars are synthesized in the leaves through photosynthesis and then transported to storage organs such as roots,fruits,and seeds.
$(ii)$ Hormones are synthesized primarily at the tips of the stems (shoot apices) and the tips of the roots (root apices).

(N/A) The three types of blood vessels in the human circulatory system are arteries, veins, and capillaries. Their functions are summarized in the table below:

Blood Vessel	Function
Arteries	They carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various organs of the body.
Veins	They collect deoxygenated blood from different organs and bring it back to the heart.
Capillaries	They are thin-walled vessels where the exchange of materials (nutrients, gases, and waste) between the blood and surrounding cells takes place.

(N/A)

Arteries	Veins
$(i)$ They carry blood from the heart to various organs of the body.	$(i)$ They collect the blood from different organs and bring it back to the heart.
$(ii)$ They have thick,elastic walls.	$(ii)$ They have thin walls.
$(iii)$ They do not have valves.	$(iii)$ They have valves.

(N/A) The sectional view of the human heart is shown in the provided figure.
$(b)$ Double circulation of blood is necessary in human beings for the following reasons:
$(i)$ To separate deoxygenated blood from oxygenated blood,preventing their mixing.
$(ii)$ To meet the high energy and oxygen demands of the body,as humans are warm-blooded organisms.
$(iii)$ To maintain a constant body temperature (homeothermy) by ensuring efficient oxygen supply to all tissues.

(N/A) Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapor from the aerial parts of the plant,primarily the leaves.
Significance of transpiration:
$(i)$ Cooling effect: Transpiration helps in cooling the plant surface,especially during hot weather,as the evaporation of water consumes heat energy.
$(ii)$ Transport of water and minerals: It creates a transpiration pull (a suction force) that helps in the upward movement of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves.
$(iii)$ Distribution of water: It ensures the continuous supply and proper distribution of water and essential nutrients throughout the plant body.
$(iv)$ Maintenance of turgidity: It helps in maintaining the turgidity of cells,which is essential for the structural support and growth of the plant.

(N/A) The heart consists of four chambers, each with a specific role in the circulatory system:

Chamber	Function
$Right \text{ atrium}$	Receives deoxygenated (impure) blood from the rest of the body via the $vena \text{ cava}$ and pumps it into the $right \text{ ventricle}$.
$Left \text{ atrium}$	Receives oxygenated (pure) blood from the lungs via the $pulmonary \text{ vein}$ and pumps it into the $left \text{ ventricle}$.
$Right \text{ ventricle}$	Receives deoxygenated blood from the $right \text{ atrium}$ and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation via the $pulmonary \text{ artery}$.
$Left \text{ ventricle}$	Receives oxygenated blood from the $left \text{ atrium}$ and pumps it to the entire body via the $AORTA$ (the main artery).

(B) The human heart functions as a double pump system:
$1$. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins, not from the body. Thus, statement $(i)$ is false.
$2$. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body through the aorta, and the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Thus, statement $(ii)$ is true.
$3$. The left atrium transfers oxygenated blood to the left ventricle, not the right ventricle. Thus, statement $(iii)$ is false.
$4$. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body. Thus, statement $(iv)$ is true.
Therefore, statements $(ii)$ and $(iv)$ are correct.

(C) The heart contains specialized structures called valves (such as the tricuspid,bicuspid,and semilunar valves).
These valves act as one-way doors that open to allow blood to flow in the correct direction and close tightly to prevent the backflow of blood during the contraction (systole) of the heart chambers.

(D) In single circulation,the heart receives only deoxygenated blood,which is then pumped to the gills for oxygenation and subsequently distributed to the rest of the body without returning to the heart. This type of circulation is characteristic of fishes.
$1$. $Labeo$ (Rohu),$Hippocampus$ (Sea horse),$Exocoetus$ (Flying fish),and $Anabas$ (Climbing perch) are all bony fishes.
$2$. $Chameleon$,$Salamander$,$Whale$,$Dolphin$,$Turtle$,$Hyla$,$Rana$,and $Draco$ are not fishes; they possess either double circulation or incomplete double circulation.
Therefore,the correct group exhibiting single circulation is $Hippocampus$,$Exocoetus$,and $Anabas$.

(A) In $Pisces$ (fishes),the heart is two-chambered,consisting of one atrium and one ventricle. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills for oxygenation. This oxygenated blood then goes directly to the rest of the body without returning to the heart. Thus,the heart only pumps deoxygenated blood. This is known as single circulation. In amphibians and reptiles,the heart is three-chambered (or partially four-chambered in reptiles),allowing for the pumping of both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to the body tissues. Therefore,the correct group is $Pisces$ only.

(B) The statement is $False$. In the human heart,the walls of the ventricles are significantly thicker than those of the auricles (atria). This is because the ventricles are responsible for pumping blood out of the heart to the lungs (right ventricle) and to the rest of the body (left ventricle),which requires much higher pressure. The auricles only need to pump blood into the adjacent ventricles,which requires less force.

(A) The statement is $True$.
In the human circulatory system,the $Aorta$ is the largest artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body.
The $Vena$ $Cava$ (specifically the superior and inferior vena cava) is the largest vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart.

(B) The statement is False.
$1$. Reptiles (except crocodiles) have a three-chambered heart.
$2$. Mammals have a four-chambered heart,not a two-chambered heart.
$3$. Fishes have a two-chambered heart.
Since the part regarding mammals is incorrect,the entire statement is False.