Animal Husbandry Questions in English

(B) The method commonly used for improving cattle breeds is $Cross-breeding$.
This process involves mating an indigenous breed of cattle with an exotic (foreign) breed.
The primary objective is to combine desirable traits from both parents in the offspring.
The resulting cross-breed is selected for high milk yield,early maturity,and increased resistance to diseases and harsh climatic conditions.

(N/A) Poultry birds are highly efficient converters of agricultural by-products and low-quality fibrous wastes, which are otherwise unfit for human consumption, into high-quality animal protein in the form of meat and eggs.
In addition to providing protein-rich food, poultry farming also yields valuable by-products such as feathers and nutrient-rich manure, which is used as organic fertilizer for crops.
Therefore, the statement highlights the economic and nutritional significance of poultry farming in India, as it utilizes waste materials to produce essential human food.

(D) The common management practices in dairy and poultry farming include:
$1$. Well-designed and hygienic shelter: Providing a clean,dry,and well-ventilated environment is essential for the health of the animals.
$2$. Proper nutrition: Providing balanced and nutritious food is required to obtain a good yield of milk,eggs,and meat.
$3$. Disease control: Implementing complete protection from disease-causing agents like $virus$,$bacteria$,or $fungi$ through regular health checkups and vaccinations.

(N/A) $1$. Definition: Poultry birds raised specifically for meat production are known as $broilers$,while those raised for egg production are known as $layers$.
$2$. Nutritional Requirements: $Broiler$ feed must be rich in protein,with adequate fat content,and high levels of vitamins $A$ and $K$ to support rapid growth. $Layer$ feed requires a balanced diet with sufficient calcium for eggshell formation.
$3$. Management Practices: $Broilers$ are kept in smaller spaces and require less light compared to $layers$. $Layers$ require more space,proper ventilation,and specific lighting schedules to maintain optimal egg-laying cycles.

(N/A) Fish are obtained by two ways:
$(i)$ Capture fisheries: This involves obtaining fish from natural resources like rivers,lakes,and oceans.
$(ii)$ Culture fisheries (Fish farming): This involves the commercial rearing of fish in controlled environments like ponds,tanks,or reservoirs.

(N/A) Composite fish culture involves the combination of five or six fish species in a single fish pond.
The selection of these species is based on their food habits,ensuring that they do not compete for food among themselves.
As a result,the food available in all parts of the pond is utilized efficiently without inter-species competition.
This leads to a significant increase in the overall fish yield from the pond.

(A) The desirable characters in bee varieties for honey production are:
$(a)$ High capacity to collect a large amount of honey.
$(b)$ They should stay in the beehive for a longer duration.
$(c)$ They should have good breeding capacity.
$(d)$ They should sting less.

(N/A) Pasturage refers to the availability of flowers to the honey bees for the collection of nectar and pollen.
It is directly related to honey production because the quality and taste of the honey produced depend on the type and quantity of flowers available to the bees for foraging.

(B) Benefits of good animal husbandry practices:
$(i)$ It provides improved breeds of domestic animals.
$(ii)$ It increases the production of products like milk,eggs,and meat.
$(iii)$ Proper shelter,feeding,care,and protection against diseases help the farmers to improve their economic conditions.

(B) Cross-breeding is a common practice used in poultry,fisheries,and bee-keeping to enhance production. By crossing different breeds or varieties,breeders can combine desirable traits such as higher yield,disease resistance,and better quality,leading to improved overall productivity.

(N/A) Differences between capture fishing,mariculture,and aquaculture:
$1.$ Capture Fishing:
- Fish are obtained from natural resources like ponds,canals,rivers,and oceans.
- Locating fish is relatively easy,and they are captured using various types of fishing nets.
$2.$ Mariculture:
- It is a specialized method of marine fish culture practiced in the open sea.
- Fish are located with the help of satellites and echosounders,and they are caught using fishing nets from fishing boats.
$3.$ Aquaculture:
- It involves the production and management of fish in freshwater (ponds,lakes) and brackish water resources.
- Fish are easily located and harvested using fishing nets or other controlled methods.

(C) The Italian honey bee species is $Apis \ mellifera$.
This species is widely used in commercial beekeeping because it has high honey collection capacity,stings less,and breeds very well.
$Apis \ dorsata$ is the rock bee,$Apis \ florae$ is the little bee,and $Apis \ cerana \ indica$ is the Indian hive bee.

(A) Cattle husbandry involves the rearing of cows and buffaloes for various economic purposes.
$(i)$ Milk production is a primary purpose of cattle farming.
$(ii)$ Cattle are used for agricultural work such as ploughing,tilling,and carting in many regions.
$(iii)$ Meat production is also a purpose for which cattle are reared in certain systems.
$(iv)$ Egg production is associated with poultry farming,not cattle husbandry.
Therefore,the correct purposes are $(i), (ii),$ and $(iii)$.

(B) The scientific name for the Indian cow is $Bos$ $indicus$.
The scientific name for the Indian buffalo is $Bos$ $bubalis$ (also commonly referred to as $Bubalus$ $bubalis$).
$Bos$ $domestica$ and $Bos$ $vulgaris$ are not valid scientific names for cattle species.
Therefore,both $(i)$ and $(iii)$ represent Indian cattle.

(C) Exotic breeds are foreign breeds that are selected for long lactation periods.
$(i)$ Brawn is not a recognized cattle breed.
$(ii)$ Jersey is a well-known exotic breed of cattle originating from the Channel Islands.
$(iii)$ Brown Swiss is an exotic breed of cattle originating from Switzerland.
$(iv)$ Jersey Swiss is not a standard breed name.
Therefore,$(ii)$ and $(iii)$ are the correct exotic breeds.

(D) Poultry farming refers to the rearing of domesticated fowl for commercial purposes.
$(i)$ Egg production is a primary objective of poultry farming (layers).
$(ii)$ Feather production is not a primary commercial objective of poultry farming.
$(iii)$ Chicken meat production is a primary objective of poultry farming (broilers).
$(iv)$ Milk production is associated with dairy farming,not poultry farming,as birds are not mammals.
Therefore,poultry farming is undertaken for $(i)$ and $(iii)$.

(D) Poultry birds are susceptible to various infectious diseases caused by different types of pathogens. These include:
$1$. Viruses (e.g.,Ranikhet disease,Bird flu).
$2$. Bacteria (e.g.,Fowl cholera,Salmonellosis).
$3$. Fungi (e.g.,Aspergillosis).
Therefore,poultry fowl are susceptible to all of these pathogens.

(B) In composite fish farming,different species of fish are selected based on their feeding habits to utilize all available food in the pond.
$1$. $Catla$ $(Catlas)$ are surface feeders.
$2$. $Rohu$ $(Rohus)$ are column feeders (feed in the middle zone).
$3$. $Mrigal$ $(Mrigals)$ and $Common$ $carps$ are bottom feeders.
Therefore,$Catlas$ is the correct answer as it is a surface feeder.

(C) Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock.
It involves the scientific management of:
$(i)$ Animal breeding: Selective breeding to improve desirable traits.
$(iii)$ Animal livestock: Proper care and management of farm animals.
$(iv)$ Rearing of animals: Providing food,shelter,and protection to animals.
$(ii)$ Culture of animals (like tissue culture) is not a part of animal husbandry.
Therefore,the correct combination is $(i), (iii),$ and $(iv)$.

(B) The correct matching is as follows:
$(a)$ Catla is a surface feeder, so $(a) - (ii)$.
$(b)$ Rohu is a middle-zone feeder, so $(b) - (iii)$.
$(c)$ Mrigal is a bottom feeder, so $(c) - (i)$.
$(d)$ Fish farming is known as culture fishery, so $(d) - (iv)$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $(a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (i), (d) - (iv)$.

(N/A) The merits of the Italian bee variety $A. mellifera$ are as follows:
$(a)$ It has a high honey collection capacity.
$(b)$ It stings much less compared to indigenous varieties.
$(c)$ It stays in the given beehive for long periods.
$(d)$ It breeds very well.

(N/A) Merits:
$(i)$ $A$ large quantity of desired fish can be produced in a small area.
$(ii)$ Selective breeding allows for the improvement of fish quality and yield.
Demerits:
$(i)$ Intensive fish farming can pose a threat to local biodiversity if non-native species escape into the wild.
$(ii)$ It often focuses only on economically important and highly valued fish species,potentially neglecting others.

(N/A) Composite fish culture is a method of farming five or six species of fish,both indigenous and exotic,together in a single fish pond.
These species are selected such that they do not compete for food among themselves because they have different food habits.
As a result,the food available in all parts of the pond is utilized efficiently.
For example,$Catlas$ are surface feeders,$Rohu$ are middle-zone feeders,and $Mrigals$ and common carps are bottom feeders.

(B) Bees require nectar and pollen to produce honey and sustain the colony.
Good pasturage provides an abundance of flowers with high-quality nectar and pollen.
This availability directly helps bees produce honey of better quality and in larger quantities.
Furthermore,access to specific types of flowers allows beekeepers to produce honey with unique tastes,colors,and consistencies.

(N/A) Two types of animal feed are as follows:
$1$. Roughage: Roughage constitutes the bulk of animal feed. It helps the animal feel satiated and aids in the proper digestion of food. It is primarily provided by husk,hay,grass,and chopped leaves.
$2$. Concentrates: Concentrates are nutrient-rich feeds containing high levels of proteins,carbohydrates,and minerals. They are specially prepared according to the specific nutritional requirements of the cattle and are available in the market.

(B) Maintenance of optimal temperature is essential for better egg production in poultry birds.
Larger body size increases the surface area,making the birds more susceptible to heat stress,and the lack of summer adaptability further exacerbates this,leading to a decline in egg production.
To obtain smaller-sized poultry birds with higher summer adaptability,the method of cross-breeding is employed.
Smaller size is also advantageous for better housing management and lower feed requirements.

(N/A) Barseem,oats,and sudan grass are cultivated by farmers as fodder crops. These plants are primarily used as nutritious food for livestock,such as cattle and buffaloes,to support their growth and milk production.

(N/A) There are two primary ways of obtaining fish:
$1$. Capture fishing: This involves catching fish from natural water bodies like oceans,rivers,and lakes.
$2$. Fish farming (Pisciculture): This involves the commercial rearing and breeding of fish in controlled environments like ponds,tanks,or reservoirs.

(B) Fish is a rich source of high-quality animal protein. It also provides essential amino acids,omega-$3$ fatty acids,and various minerals like iodine and selenium. However,the primary and most significant nutrient obtained from fish is protein.

(N/A) Catla is a surface feeder,which means it feeds on food available at the surface of the water. In contrast,mrigal is a bottom feeder,which means it feeds on food available at the bottom of the water body.

(N/A) The two vitamins commonly added to poultry feed are Vitamin $A$ and Vitamin $K$. These vitamins are essential for the growth,health,and egg-laying capacity of poultry birds.

(B) healthy animal can be identified by its behavior and physical condition.
$1$. It feeds regularly,indicating a healthy digestive system and good appetite.
$2$. It maintains a normal posture,which reflects proper muscle tone and lack of pain or illness.
$3$. It remains active and alert,showing no signs of lethargy or distress.

(N/A) Milch animals are those animals which provide milk. Two common examples of milch animals are $Cow$ and $Buffalo$.

(N/A) $(i)$ Animal waste is used as manure to enrich the soil with nutrients.
$(ii)$ It helps in the proper management,breeding,and care of domestic animals to increase productivity.

(B) In poultry farming,birds are categorized based on their purpose of rearing.
$1$. Broilers are birds specifically raised for meat production.
$2$. Layers are birds specifically raised for egg production.
Therefore,layers are used to produce eggs.

(N/A) The food requirements of dairy animals are of two types:
$(a)$ Maintenance requirement: This is the food required to support the animal to live a healthy life.
$(b)$ Milk producing requirement: This is the type of food required during the lactation period to support milk production.

(D) The good management practices for the increased production of poultry birds include:
$(i)$ Maintenance of proper temperature and ventilation in the housing.
$(ii)$ Maintenance of hygienic conditions in the housing and in the feed to prevent contamination.
$(iii)$ Prevention and control of diseases and pests through regular vaccination and sanitation.
$(iv)$ Provision of high-quality,nutritious feed and clean drinking water.

(N/A) Composite fish culture is a method of culturing five or six species of fish,both indigenous and exotic,together in a single fish pond. These species are selected such that they do not compete for food among themselves due to their different feeding habits.
$(b)$ Merit: It allows for higher fish yield as different species utilize different zones of the pond and different food sources.
Demerit: $A$ major problem is the lack of availability of good quality fish seed,as many species breed only during the monsoon season,and wild-collected seeds often contain a mixture of unwanted species.

(N/A) For good production of eggs,he should focus on the following points:
$(i)$ Maintenance of optimal temperature and higher summer adaptability.
$(ii)$ Selection of appropriate breeds and proper management of poultry birds.
$(b)$ He should add calcium to the feed to make the shells of the eggs strong,as calcium is essential for shell formation.

(N/A) $(i)$ Inland fishery refers to the rearing of fish in freshwater bodies like rivers,lakes,and ponds,whereas marine fishery refers to the rearing or catching of fish in seawater or oceanic environments.
$(ii)$ Culture fishery involves the systematic raising and cultivation of fish in controlled environments such as ponds and tanks,whereas capture fishery involves the management and harvesting of fish from natural water bodies without prior cultivation.
$(iii)$ Apiculture is the practice of rearing honey bees for the commercial production of honey and beeswax,whereas aquaculture is the farming,rearing,and management of aquatic organisms like fish,mollusks,crustaceans,and aquatic plants in controlled aquatic environments.

(N/A) $(i)$ Top dwellers: $Catla$ and $Silver$ $carp$.
$(ii)$ Middle dwellers: $Rohu$ and $Grass$ $carp$.
$(iii)$ Bottom dwellers: $Mrigal$ and $Common$ $carp$.

(N/A) $(i)$ Roughage is primarily composed of fibre,whereas concentrates are low in fibre.
$(ii)$ Concentrates contain a significantly higher level of proteins and other essential nutrients compared to roughage.
Example of roughage: Green fodder.
Example of concentrate: Oil cakes.

(D) Improved poultry breeds are developed for the following desirable traits:
$(i)$ Increase in the number and quality of chicks.
$(ii)$ Development of dwarf broiler parents for commercial chick production.
$(iii)$ Better summer adaptation capacity and tolerance to high temperatures.
$(iv)$ Low maintenance requirements.
$(v)$ Reduction in the size of the egg-laying bird with the ability to utilize more fibrous,cheaper diets formulated using agricultural by-products.

(N/A) The lactation period is the duration of milk production by a female mammal after the birth of a calf.
Two breeds of cattle selected for their long lactation period are $Jersey$ and $Brown$ $Swiss$.
They are crossed with local breeds because local breeds possess excellent resistance to diseases and environmental stress,while the foreign breeds provide high milk yield. Cross-breeding combines these desirable traits into the offspring.
$(b)$ Roughage: It is a type of animal feed that is largely fibrous and contains a high percentage of cellulose. It provides bulk to the diet.
Concentrates: These are animal feeds that are low in fiber but contain relatively high levels of proteins,carbohydrates,fats,and other essential nutrients to support high productivity.

(N/A) The honeybee species preferred for rearing in an apiary is the Italian honeybee, $Apis \text{ } mellifera$.
Reasons for choosing the Italian honeybee:
$(i)$ They stay in the beehive for a longer period.
$(ii)$ They breed very well.
$(iii)$ They have a high honey-collecting capacity.
Factors on which the quality of honey depends:
$1.$ The availability of flowers or pasturage for nectar and pollen collection.
$2.$ The variety of flowers available to the bees.

(N/A) While designing a shelter for cattle,the following management practices should be followed:
$(a)$ The shelter must be well-ventilated to ensure proper air circulation.
$(b)$ It must provide adequate protection to the animals from harsh weather conditions such as rain,heat,and cold.
$(c)$ The floor of the cattle shed should be sloping to ensure it remains dry and to facilitate easy cleaning.

(N/A) Advantages of composite fish culture:
$(i)$ It allows for the cultivation of a variety of fish species in a single pond,leading to higher yields.
$(ii)$ Different species utilize food from different zones of the pond,ensuring efficient use of available resources.
$(iii)$ Since species are selected based on different feeding habits,they do not compete for the same food source.
Application of hormonal stimulation:
Hormonal stimulation is used in fish culture to ensure the supply of pure fish seed in desired quantities by inducing breeding in fish that might not otherwise breed in captivity.

(N/A) Indigenous breed: $Aseel$. Exotic breed: $Leghorn$.
$(b)$ The two main products obtained from poultry farming are eggs and chicken meat.
$(c)$ The two vitamins that should be included in high amounts in poultry feed are $Vitamin A$ and $Vitamin K$.

(N/A) Two examples of shellfishes are prawns and molluscs.
$(b)$ Four marine fishes of high economic value are Pomfret,Tuna,Mackerel,and Sardines.

(N/A) Infectious diseases in cattle lead to a significant reduction in milk production,loss of body weight,and in severe cases,can lead to the death of the animal.
$(b)$ These diseases can be controlled by:
$1$. Proper vaccination of cattle against common diseases.
$2$. Maintaining hygiene and cleanliness in the cattle shed.
$3$. Providing a balanced diet and clean drinking water.
$4$. Isolating infected animals to prevent the spread of infection.