Principles of Treatment and Prevention Questions in English

(B) During illness,the normal physiological functions of the body are disturbed,and the metabolic rate may be affected.
Consuming bland and nourishing food is advised because it is easily digestible,which reduces the workload on the digestive system.
Simultaneously,it provides all the essential nutrients required for the immune system to fight the infection and for the body to recover efficiently.
Therefore,a balanced,easily digestible diet is crucial for a quick recovery.

(N/A) To prevent the incidence of infectious diseases in school,the following precautions can be taken:
$a)$ Avoid contact with students suffering from airborne diseases like the common cold,cough,or flu.
$b)$ Ensure the availability of clean and safe drinking water in the school.
$c)$ Maintain clean surroundings in the school to prevent the breeding and multiplication of disease vectors like mosquitoes.
$d)$ Organize and promote childhood immunization programs within the school.

(B) Immunisation is the process of introducing a vaccine into a healthy person to stimulate the immune system to develop immunity against a specific disease.
Immunity refers to the body's ability to recognize,destroy,and eliminate external disease-causing agents (pathogens) such as bacteria or viruses.

(N/A) The following immunisation programmes are generally available at the nearest health centre:
$a)$ For infants: $BCG$ (Tuberculosis),$OPV$ (Oral Polio Vaccine),$DPT$ (Diphtheria,Pertussis,Tetanus),Measles,and $MMR$ (Measles,Mumps,Rubella).
$b)$ For children: Typhoid,$TT$ (Tetanus Toxoid),$DT$ (Diphtheria,Tetanus),and $TAB$ (Typhoid,Paratyphoid $A$ and $B$).
$c)$ For pregnant women: $TT$ (Tetanus Toxoid) and Hepatitis-$B$.
Diseases like typhoid,polio,measles,and tetanus are considered major health problems in many localities. To prevent these diseases,the government has initiated the Universal Immunisation Programme $(UIP)$ across the country to ensure the health and safety of the population.

(N/A) doctor,nurse,or health worker takes the following precautions to avoid becoming sick themselves:
$(i)$ Get immunization done against all infectious diseases.
$(ii)$ Take a balanced diet (especially rich in proteins) to strengthen their immune system.
$(iii)$ Dispose of blood samples,urine,stool,sputum,etc.,carefully.
$(iv)$ Wear masks while diagnosing mouth or chest infections.
$(v)$ Clean their hands and wear gloves even while performing minor surgeries.

(C) The person is most likely to fall sick in condition $(c)$. The reasons are as follows:
$1$. After recovering from malaria,the body is already weak and requires proper nutrition to regain strength. $A$ four-day fast prevents the body from recovering,leading to further weakness.
$2$. Taking care of a patient suffering from chicken-pox exposes the person to the infectious virus. Since her immune system is already compromised due to the recent bout of malaria and lack of nutrition,her body will be unable to fight off the infection,making her highly susceptible to contracting chicken-pox.

(A) All anti-bacterial medicines work by blocking specific metabolic pathways in bacteria,which prevents their growth and spread.
In contrast,viruses have very few biochemical mechanisms of their own.
They rely heavily on the host cell's machinery to replicate and survive.
Because they lack independent metabolic processes,it is extremely difficult to design drugs that target the virus without harming the host's own cellular processes.
Therefore,creating anti-viral drugs is significantly more challenging than creating anti-bacterial medicines.

(D) Vaccination works by introducing a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen into the body. This triggers the immune system to recognize the pathogen and produce specific antibodies. Consequently,it creates immunity in the body against the particular disease for which the vaccine is administered,allowing the body to fight off the infection if exposed in the future.

(N/A) An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by microorganisms (such as bacteria or fungi) that can inhibit the growth of or kill other pathogenic microorganisms,particularly bacteria.
Examples of antibiotics include $Penicillin$ and $Streptomycin$.

(N/A) Edward Jenner was the first person to discover the vaccine for smallpox in $1796$.
Vaccines are biological preparations that provide active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.
Two diseases that can be prevented by using vaccines are smallpox and polio.

(N/A) Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by certain micro-organisms that can kill or inhibit the growth of other disease-causing micro-organisms.
Two major groups of micro-organisms from which antibiotics are extracted are:
$1$. $Bacteria$ (e.g.,$Streptomyces$ species used to produce streptomycin).
$2$. $Fungi$ (e.g.,$Penicillium$ species used to produce penicillin).

(B) The immune system of our body acts as a specialized defense mechanism designed to fight against pathogenic microbes.
It consists of various types of white blood cells and proteins that identify,attack,and eliminate harmful pathogens,thereby preventing infections and keeping our body healthy.

(N/A) To justify the principle of "prevention is better than cure", the following precautions should be taken:
$(1)$ Maintaining personal and environmental hygiene to prevent the growth of pathogens.
$(2)$ Creating awareness about the nature of diseases and their causal organisms.
$(3)$ Consuming a balanced diet to strengthen the immune system.
$(4)$ Regular medical check-ups for early detection and prevention of potential health issues.

(A) Antibiotics are chemical substances that specifically target and block the biosynthetic pathways of bacteria.
Since viruses do not possess their own metabolic machinery or biosynthetic pathways,they rely entirely on the host cell's machinery to replicate.
Because antibiotics are designed to disrupt bacterial-specific processes (like cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis in prokaryotes),they have no target to act upon in viruses,rendering them ineffective against viral infections.

(N/A) Our body possesses a robust immune system that constantly fights against invading microbes.
We have specialized cells,such as white blood cells,that are designed to identify and eliminate pathogenic microbes.
When infectious microbes enter the body,these immune cells become active and attempt to destroy the pathogens.
If the immune system is successful in removing or neutralizing the pathogen before it can cause significant damage or multiply uncontrollably,we remain disease-free.
Therefore,exposure to infectious microbes does not always lead to the development of a noticeable disease.

(N/A) The public health programme of childhood immunisation includes vaccines for several infectious diseases. Any two of the following can be named:
$(i)$ Tuberculosis
$(ii)$ Polio
$(iii)$ Hepatitis $B$
$(iv)$ Diphtheria
$(v)$ Tetanus

(N/A) Two diseases for which vaccinations are available are Tuberculosis (prevented by the $BCG$ vaccine) and Typhoid (prevented by the Typhoid vaccine).

(B) Immunity is defined as the overall ability of the host to fight the disease-causing organisms,conferred by the immune system.
It involves the presence of specialized proteins called antibodies in our body that target specific disease-causing microorganisms known as antigens.
When these antigens enter our body,the immune system recognizes them and produces specific antibodies to neutralize or destroy them,thereby preventing the disease.

(N/A) Local effects: These are restricted to the site of injury or infection,such as swelling,redness,pain,or heat.
General effects: These affect the entire body,such as fever.

(N/A) $DPT$ is known as a Triple antigen because it is a vaccine that provides immunity against three distinct diseases:
$(i)$ Diphtheria: Caused by the bacterium $Corynebacterium$ $\text{diphtheriae}$.
$(ii)$ Pertussis: Also known as whooping cough, caused by the bacterium $Bordetella$ $\text{pertussis}$.
$(iii)$ Tetanus: Caused by the bacterium $Clostridium$ $\text{tetani}$.
Since it protects against these three specific pathogens simultaneously, it is referred to as a Triple antigen.

(N/A) $(i)$ Viruses have very few biochemical mechanisms of their own.
$(ii)$ They enter the host cells to replicate.
$(iii)$ They use the host's cellular machinery for their own life processes.
$(iv)$ There are very few virus-specific targets available to aim at for drug development.

(N/A) $(i)$ Health education
$(ii)$ Isolation
$(iii)$ Proper sanitation
$(iv)$ Sterilization of articles used by patients
$(v)$ Vaccination
$(vi)$ Provision of safe water supply (any four)

(N/A) Water-borne infections can be prevented by ensuring the availability of safe and clean drinking water,such as by boiling or filtering water.
Vector-borne infections can be prevented by maintaining a clean environment,preventing the stagnation of water to stop mosquito breeding,and using protective measures like mosquito nets and repellents.

(N/A) Inflammation is a local response of the immune system where it recruits various cells to the affected tissue to eliminate disease-causing microbes or damaged cells.
The primary symptoms of inflammation in the human body include:
$1$. Swelling (Edema)
$2$. Pain
$3$. Fever (or localized heat)
$4$. Redness

(N/A) As Priya had already suffered from chickenpox a few months back,her body has become immune to the chickenpox-causing microbe. So,if that microbe enters her body again,her immune system will recognize and fight it effectively. Hence,her parents allowed her to visit Raju.
On the other hand,as Shaurya has never suffered from chickenpox,his body is not immune to it. Therefore,his parents refused to let him visit Raju to prevent him from getting infected.
The basis of the principle of immunisation: It involves stimulating the host's immune system to develop immunity against a specific disease-causing agent. This is achieved by introducing weakened or dead microbes (vaccines) of that disease into the body. Once the body starts producing antibodies,it can fight against the actual pathogen,and the body becomes immune to that disease.

(N/A) The malaria-causing microbe (Plasmodium) first infects the liver cells and then the red blood cells (RBCs).
$(b)$ The two ways to treat an infectious disease are:
$1.$ To reduce the effects of the disease (symptomatic treatment).
$2.$ To kill the cause of the disease (e.g.,using antibiotics or anti-malarial drugs).

(N/A) The immune system acts as a vital defence mechanism that protects our body against pathogenic microbes. It consists of specialized cells and proteins that identify,target,and eliminate infectious agents,thereby maintaining overall health and preventing diseases.
$(b)$ Immunity can be acquired in two primary ways:
$1$. Natural acquisition: When a person suffers from a specific disease once,the body develops memory cells and antibodies against those specific antigens. This provides long-term protection against the same pathogen.
$2$. Artificial acquisition: Vaccines can be administered to introduce weakened or dead pathogens (or their components) into the body. This stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies without causing the actual disease,thereby conferring immunity.

(B) $(i)$ To reduce the effects of the disease (symptom-directed treatment): One can take medicines to reduce symptoms like fever,pain,or inflammation,or take rest to conserve energy.
$(ii)$ To eliminate the cause of the disease: Medicines can be taken to kill the specific microbes by blocking:
$(a)$ The metabolic pathways specific for the synthesis of new substances required by the pathogen.
$(b)$ The respiration processes required by specific groups of pathogenic organisms.

(N/A) Edward Jenner discovered the first vaccine.
$(b)$ Two viral diseases that can be prevented by vaccines are Hepatitis $A$ and Polio.
Immunity is the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells. It is the body's defense mechanism against disease-causing microorganisms (antigens). When antigens enter the body,the immune system produces antibodies to neutralize them,thereby preventing the disease.

(N/A) Immunisation is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent through artificial means,such as vaccination.
$(b)$ The classification of the given diseases is as follows:
- Typhoid: Infectious and Acute.
- $TB$ (Tuberculosis): Infectious and Chronic.
- Goitre: Non-infectious and Chronic.
- Elephantiasis: Infectious and Chronic.

(N/A) The principle of immunisation is based on the property of the immune system to develop memory against a specific microbe. When a vaccine (a weakened or dead microbe) is introduced into the body,the immune system recognizes it as foreign,produces antibodies,and creates memory cells. This allows the body to fight off the actual pathogen effectively if exposed in the future.
Examples of diseases for which vaccines are available: $Polio$,$Tetanus$.
$(b)$ The two basic principles of prevention of infectious diseases are:
$(i)$ General ways of prevention: This involves maintaining personal and public hygiene,such as keeping surroundings clean,ensuring safe drinking water,and proper waste disposal to prevent the spread of pathogens.
$(ii)$ Specific ways of prevention: This involves strengthening the immune system through proper nutrition and the use of vaccines to provide specific immunity against particular infectious agents.

(N/A) Principles of treatment:
$(i)$ To reduce the effect of the disease: This involves symptomatic treatment,such as taking medicines to lower fever,reduce pain,or control loose motions.
$(ii)$ To kill the cause of the disease: This involves administering specific medicines (like antibiotics or antivirals) to kill the specific microbe responsible for the infection.
$(b)$ Two ways by which $HIV$ ($AIDS$ virus) is transmitted:
$(i)$ Through unprotected sexual contact with an infected person.
$(ii)$ Through the exchange of infected blood or blood products (e.g.,sharing needles or blood transfusion).

(N/A) The two ways to treat an infectious disease are:
$(i)$ To reduce the effects of the disease: This involves symptomatic treatment,such as taking medicines to lower fever,reduce pain,or manage inflammation,while the body's immune system fights the infection.
$(ii)$ To kill the cause of the disease: This involves taking specific medicines like antibiotics,antivirals,or antifungals that target and eliminate the specific pathogen (bacteria,virus,or fungus) causing the infection.
$(b)$ Antibiotics work by blocking specific biochemical pathways that are essential for the survival of bacteria. For example,many antibiotics block the bacterial process of building a cell wall. Since human cells do not build cell walls in the same way,these drugs kill the bacteria without harming human cells.

(N/A) $(i)$ Educated parents understand the importance of a healthy and balanced diet for their children,which prevents nutritional deficiency disorders and supports the proper functioning of the immune system.
$(ii)$ They are aware of the modes of disease transmission and therefore maintain hygienic conditions at home.
$(iii)$ Parents will ensure the provision of safe,uncontaminated water to prevent water-borne diseases.
$(iv)$ Educated parents can provide initial symptomatic care and promptly seek medical consultation to address the root cause of the disease.
$(v)$ Educated parents can instill a sense of social and moral responsibility in their children to maintain a clean environment,thereby preventing the spread of infections.

(N/A) Yes, this statement is correct.
The immune system requires proper nutrition to function effectively. If an individual does not receive sufficient food and nourishment, the immune system becomes weak and cannot fight off pathogens effectively, making the person more susceptible to infectious diseases.
$(b)$ Yes, this statement is correct.
General ways to prevent exposure include:
$(i)$ For air-borne microbes, we can prevent exposure by avoiding overcrowded living conditions.
$(ii)$ For water-borne microbes, we can prevent exposure by providing safe and clean drinking water.
$(iii)$ For vector-borne diseases, we can prevent exposure by maintaining a clean environment to eliminate breeding grounds for vectors like mosquitoes.

(N/A) Parents immunize newborn babies to protect them from deadly infectious diseases by providing immunity through the administration of specific vaccines.
$(b)$ Ways to prevent mosquitoes from breeding include:
$1$. Do not allow water to stagnate in surroundings,as stagnant water is a breeding ground for mosquitoes.
$2$. Clean water coolers,flower pots,and tanks regularly.
$3$. Maintain swimming pools with proper care and use appropriate chemicals to prevent larval growth.

(N/A) Prevention of diseases is more desirable than their successful treatment for the following reasons:
$(i)$ Having a disease can damage body organs, which may recover slowly or may never recover completely.
$(ii)$ Curing a disease takes time, and the patient may be bedridden for a long period, leading to a loss of productivity.
$(iii)$ An infected person can become a source of infection for others, causing the disease to spread in the community.
$(iv)$ Prevention is economically beneficial, as medical treatment often involves significant expenditure on medicines, hospital visits, and tests.
$(v)$ Prevention helps in controlling the population of pathogens, as they do not get the opportunity to multiply within a host.
$(vi)$ Prevention avoids the physical pain, mental stress, and discomfort associated with suffering from an illness.

(N/A) This is called symptom-based treatment.
$(b)$ We can reduce the effects of the disease by taking medicines like analgesics (for pain) and antipyretics (for fever).
$(c)$ The limitation of this treatment is that it only suppresses the symptoms and does not cure the underlying cause of the disease.
$(d)$ The possible remedies to prevent or overcome such diseases include:
$(i)$ Building a strong immune system.
$(ii)$ Providing a nutritious and balanced diet.
$(iii)$ Maintaining personal and public hygiene.

(C) This happens because when the immune system first encounters an infectious microbe,it responds against it and then remembers it specifically. So,the next time that particular microbe,or its close relatives,enters the body,the immune system responds with even greater vigour. This eliminates the infection even more quickly than the first time. This is the basis of the principle of immunisation.
$(b)$ We can 'fool' the immune system into developing a memory for a particular infection by introducing something into the body that mimics the microbe we want to vaccinate against. This does not actually cause the disease,but it prevents any subsequent exposure to the actual infecting microbe from turning into a disease.
$(c)$ This principle of disease prevention is called immunisation,which involves providing strong immunity to the body through vaccines. Many such vaccines are now available for preventing a wide range of infectious diseases and provide a disease-specific means of prevention. Examples include vaccines against tetanus,diphtheria,whooping cough,measles,and polio.

(N/A) Immune response is the reaction of the body's immune system to foreign substances,such as pathogens (bacteria,viruses,etc.),that are recognized as non-self or potentially harmful. This response involves the activation and production of specialized cells,such as $T$-lymphocytes and $B$-lymphocytes,and the secretion of proteins called antibodies. These components work together to identify,neutralize,and eliminate the invading pathogens to protect the body from disease.

(N/A) Active immunisation: It promotes the production of circulating antibodies against foreign antigens by injecting a small quantity of modified antigen into the bloodstream.
Passive immunisation: It is the application of antibodies from an immune individual to a non-immune patient. This treatment is used when an individual has been,or probably will be,exposed to an infectious disease and there is insufficient time for active immunisation.

(D) The primary reason why developing anti-viral drugs is challenging is that viruses have very few biochemical mechanisms of their own.
Unlike bacteria,which have their own metabolic pathways and cellular machinery,viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.
They rely almost entirely on the host cell's machinery to replicate and synthesize their proteins.
Because they use the host's own metabolic processes,it is extremely difficult to design a drug that targets the virus without simultaneously damaging the host's cells.

(C) An active immune system is the body's defense mechanism against pathogens.
When a pathogen enters the body,the immune system recognizes it as foreign.
It responds by recruiting various immune cells (such as white blood cells) to the site of infection.
These cells work together to destroy or neutralize the disease-causing microbes,thereby protecting the body from infection.

(A) Vaccination is a process of introducing a weakened or dead pathogen into the body to stimulate the immune system.
When a child is vaccinated against polio,the body recognizes the antigen and produces specific antibodies.
This process creates active immunity,which prepares the immune system to fight off the actual pathogen if exposed in the future.
Therefore,the primary purpose of vaccination is to create immunity in the body.

(B) The vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis $(TB)$ is $BCG$ (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin).
$DPT$ is a vaccine used to protect against Diphtheria,Pertussis,and Tetanus.
$MMR$ is a vaccine used to protect against Measles,Mumps,and Rubella.
$OPV$ stands for Oral Polio Vaccine,used to prevent Poliomyelitis.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(TRUE) True. Antibiotics are designed to target specific biochemical pathways,such as cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis,which are essential for bacterial survival. Since viruses do not possess these cellular structures or metabolic pathways and instead hijack the host cell's machinery to replicate,antibiotics are ineffective against them.