Mix Examples - DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS Questions in English

(A) $T$: $R$.$H$. Whittaker proposed the five-kingdom classification system in $1969$.
$(b)$ $T$: The kingdom Monera is broadly categorized into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
$(c)$ $F$: In the taxonomic hierarchy,the order is Class,Order,Family,Genus,Species. Thus,Genus comes before Species.
$(d)$ $T$: Anabaena is a cyanobacterium (blue-green alga),which is a prokaryote and belongs to the kingdom Monera.
$(e)$ $F$: Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) are prokaryotic organisms and are classified under the kingdom Monera,not Protista.
$(f)$ $T$: All prokaryotic organisms,which lack a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles,are placed in the kingdom Monera.

(A-D) Fungi exhibit a saprotrophic mode of nutrition,where they obtain nutrients from decaying organic matter.
$(b)$ The cell wall of fungi is composed of a complex polysaccharide called chitin.
$(c)$ The symbiotic association between blue-green algae (or cyanobacteria) and fungi is known as lichens.
$(d)$ Chemically,chitin is a complex carbohydrate,specifically a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide ($N$-acetylglucosamine).
$(e)$ Species is the basic unit of classification and contains the smallest number of organisms with the maximum number of similar characters.
$(f)$ Plants that lack a well-differentiated body structure (stem,root,and leaf) are classified under the group Thallophyta.
$(g)$ Bryophytes are referred to as the amphibians of the plant kingdom because they require water for fertilization despite living on land.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$(a)$ Naked seed: $(B)$ Gymnosperms (seeds are not enclosed in fruits).
$(b)$ Covered seed: $(A)$ Angiosperms (seeds are enclosed within fruits).
$(c)$ Flagella: $(D)$ Euglena (locomotory organelle).
$(d)$ Marchantia: $(C)$ Bryophytes (a type of liverwort).
$(e)$ Marsilea: $(F)$ Pteridophyta (a type of fern).
$(f)$ Cladophora: $(E)$ Thallophyta (a type of green algae).
$(g)$ Penicillium: $(G)$ Fungi (a type of fungus).
Therefore, the correct sequence is $(a) - B, (b) - A, (c) - D, (d) - C, (e) - F, (f) - E, (g) - G$.

(B) Pore bearing animals are classified under the phylum Porifera $(C)$.
$(b)$ Diploblastic animals (having two germ layers) are characteristic of the phylum Coelenterata $(B)$.
$(c)$ Metameric segmentation is a key feature of the phylum Annelida $(F)$.
$(d)$ Jointed legs are the defining characteristic of the phylum Arthropoda $(A)$.
$(e)$ Soft-bodied animals are characteristic of the phylum Mollusca $(E)$.
$(f)$ Spiny-skinned animals belong to the phylum Echinodermata $(D)$.
Therefore, the correct matching is $(a) - C, (b) - B, (c) - F, (d) - A, (e) - E, (f) - D$.

(N/A) Robert Whittaker
$(b)$ Species
$(c)$ Monera
$(d)$ Eukaryotic unicellular nature
$(e)$ Chlorophyll
$(f)$ Mushroom
$(g)$ Yeast
$(h)$ Lichens

(A) Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) exhibits bilateral,dorsiventral symmetry.
$(b)$ Wuchereria bancrofti (Filarial worm) is the causative agent of elephantiasis.
$(c)$ Arthropods possess an open circulatory system where the coelomic cavity,known as the haemocoel,is filled with blood.
$(d)$ Nematodes (Roundworms) are characterized by the presence of a pseudocoelom,a body cavity that is not completely lined by mesoderm.

(N/A) Bilateral symmetry: It is a body plan in which the left and right halves of the body are mirror images of each other,e.g.,Liver fluke.
$(b)$ Coelom: It is the internal body cavity between the visceral organs and the body wall in which well-developed organs can be accommodated,e.g.,Butterfly.
$(c)$ Triploblastic: Animals having three germinal layers (ectoderm,mesoderm,and endoderm) from which differentiated tissues and organs can be formed are called triploblastic,e.g.,Starfish.

(N/A) The differences between a flying lizard $(Draco)$ and a bird are as follows:
$1$. Classification: Flying lizard belongs to the class $Reptilia$,while birds belong to the class $Aves$.
$2$. Body Temperature: Flying lizards are cold-blooded (poikilothermic),whereas birds are warm-blooded (homeothermic).
$3$. Body Covering: The body of a flying lizard is covered with scales,while the body of a bird is covered with feathers.
$4$. Heart Structure: Flying lizards typically have a three-chambered heart,whereas birds have a four-chambered heart.
$5$. Locomotion: Flying lizards use skin folds (patagium) for gliding,while birds have forelimbs modified into wings for true flight.

(B) Symbiosis is defined as an obligatory mutually beneficial association between two different organisms living in close physical contact. In this relationship,both organisms derive benefits from each other,which is essential for their survival.

(N/A) The group is Kingdom Protista. These are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can perform photosynthesis. Example: $Euglena$.
$(b)$ The group is Phylum Annelida. These organisms have a segmented body (metamerism) and can be either unisexual or hermaphrodite. Example: $Earthworm$ $(Pheretima)$.

(N/A) Crocodile: Most reptiles have a three-chambered heart,but the crocodile is an exception with a four-chambered heart.
$(b)$ Platypus: Also known as the duck-billed platypus,it is a monotreme that lays eggs instead of giving birth to live young.
$(c)$ Tapeworm: These are flatworms that live as parasites in the intestines of other animals.
$(d)$ Thallophyta: This division includes plants like algae that have a simple,undifferentiated body structure (thallus).

(A) Porifera: These are multicellular organisms without true tissues and possess numerous pores (ostia) on their body.
$(b)$ Pteridophyta: These plants have a well-differentiated body into roots,stems,and leaves but are cryptogams,meaning they do not produce seeds.
$(c)$ Platyhelminthes: These are commonly known as flatworms,characterized by a dorsoventrally flattened body and the absence of a coelom (acoelomate).
$(d)$ Annelida: These are segmented worms that possess a true coelom (body cavity) and show a high degree of organ differentiation.

(A-D) $Pinus$ is the odd one out because it is a phanerogam (seed-bearing plant),whereas the others (Moss,Fern,and $Spirogyra$) are cryptogams (non-seed-bearing plants).
$(b)$ Octopus is the odd one out because it belongs to the phylum $Mollusca$,whereas the others (Sea Cucumber,Feather Star,and Starfish) belong to the phylum $Echinodermata$.

(N/A) The differences are as follows:
$1$. Thallophyta and Bryophyta:

$Thallophyta$	$Bryophyta$
The plant body is not differentiated into root,stem,and leaves.	The plant body is differentiated to form stem and leaf-like structures.

$2$. Nematoda and Annelida:

$Nematoda$	$Annelida$
Pseudocoelom is present; the body is round and unsegmented.	True coelom is present; the body is segmented.

$3$. Amphibia and Reptilia:

$Amphibia$	$Reptilia$
They can live on both land and in water; they breathe through lungs,gills,or skin.	They are mostly terrestrial; they breathe through lungs.

(N/A) $(i)$ Protochordata,e.g.,$Balanoglossus$.
$(ii)$ Protista,e.g.,$Amoeba$ or $Euglena$.
$(iii)$ Angiospermae,e.g.,China rose,mustard,or any flowering plant.

(N/A) Protists possess appendages like cilia or flagella primarily for locomotion,allowing them to move from one place to another in their aquatic environment.
$(b)$ The term Angiosperms is derived from the Greek words 'angio' meaning 'covered' and 'sperma' meaning 'seed'. They are called so because their seeds are enclosed within fruits.
$(c)$ Fish have scales on their body to provide protection,reduce friction while swimming,and prevent their skin from damage or decay due to constant exposure to water.

(N/A) The structure of Paramecium includes parts such as Cilia,Macronucleus,Micronucleus,Oral groove,Cytostome,Food vacuole,and Cytopyge.

Similarities between Amoeba and Paramecium	Differences between Amoeba and Paramecium
$(i)$ Both are unicellular eukaryotic organisms.	$(i)$ Amoeba has one nucleus,while Paramecium has two nuclei (macronucleus and micronucleus).
(ii) Both contain food vacuoles for digestion.	(ii) Amoeba moves with the help of pseudopodia,whereas Paramecium moves with the help of cilia.

(N/A) Chitin: It is a complex polysaccharide that provides structural support to the fungal cell wall.
$(b)$ Gymnosperms: These are plants that produce seeds that are not enclosed within an ovary or fruit.
$(c)$ Cyanobacteria: These are photosynthetic prokaryotes commonly known as blue-green algae.
$(d)$ Species: It is the fundamental or basic unit of biological classification.
$(e)$ Protista: This kingdom consists of unicellular eukaryotic organisms.

(A) Vascular tissues $-$ Pteridophyta: These are the first land plants to possess specialized vascular tissues ($xylem$ and $phloem$) for the conduction of water and nutrients.
$(b)$ Notochord $-$ Protochordata: The notochord is a flexible,rod-like structure that provides skeletal support and first appears in the group Protochordata.
$(c)$ Seeds inside fruits $-$ Angiosperms: Angiosperms are flowering plants where seeds are enclosed within fruits,which is a defining characteristic of this group.

(N/A)

Feature	Organism and Kingdom/Division/Phylum
$(i)$ Presence of pyrenoids	$Spirogyra$,$Ulothrix$ (Division: Thallophyta)
$(ii)$ Presence of heterocysts	$Anabaena$ (Kingdom: Monera)
$(iii)$ Presence of genital papillae and anus	Earthworm (Phylum: Annelida)
$(iv)$ Presence of chloroplast and flagella	$Euglena$ (Kingdom: Protista)
$(v)$ Presence of palp and parapodia	$Nereis$ (Phylum: Annelida)

(N/A) They are called flatworms because their body is dorsiventrally flattened,meaning they are flattened from the top to the bottom.
$(b)$ Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom because they live on land but require water for the process of fertilisation,as their male gametes need water to reach the female gametes.
$(c)$ Fungi are called saprophytes because they obtain their nutrition from dead and decaying organic matter by secreting digestive enzymes outside their body and absorbing the resulting soluble nutrients.
$(d)$ Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms with a simple cellular structure,whereas tapeworms are multicellular eukaryotic organisms with complex organ-system level body organization,reflecting different evolutionary paths and adaptations.
$(e)$ Plants like Pinus and deodar are called gymnosperms because they bear naked seeds that are not enclosed within a fruit.