Separating the Components of a Mixture Questions in English

(B) Simple distillation is the method used to separate a mixture of two miscible liquids when the difference in their boiling points is greater than $25\,^{\circ}C$.
Method:
$1$. The mixture of kerosene and petrol is placed in a distillation flask.
$2$. The mixture is heated slowly,and the temperature is monitored using a thermometer.
$3$. Since petrol has a lower boiling point than kerosene,it vaporizes first.
$4$. The petrol vapours are passed through a condenser,where they cool down to form liquid petrol,which is then collected in a separate container.
$5$. The kerosene remains in the distillation flask as it has a higher boiling point.
$6$. Once the temperature begins to rise again,the heating is stopped,ensuring both components are separated.

(A) $(i)$ Butter can be separated from curd by using the centrifugation method. In this process,the mixture is rotated at high speed,causing the denser particles to settle at the bottom and lighter particles (butter) to rise to the top.
$(ii)$ Salt can be separated from sea-water by using the evaporation method. When the mixture is heated,water vaporizes,leaving behind the solid salt crystals.
$(iii)$ Camphor can be separated from salt by using the sublimation method. Camphor is a sublimable substance that turns directly into vapor upon heating,while salt remains as a solid residue.

(B) Crystallisation is a process that separates a pure solid in the form of its crystals from a solution.
It is primarily used for the purification of solids.
This technique is specifically used for mixtures containing soluble impurities that cannot be removed by simple filtration,as the impurities remain dissolved in the solvent while the pure substance forms crystals upon cooling or evaporation.

(N/A) Evaporation: The solution is heated until the water evaporates,leaving behind solid sodium chloride.
$(b)$ Sublimation: Ammonium chloride sublimes on heating,while sodium chloride does not,allowing for separation.
$(c)$ Filtration: Metal pieces are solid particles that can be separated from the liquid oil using a filter.
$(d)$ Chromatography: This technique is used to separate different pigments based on their differential solubility in a solvent.
$(e)$ Centrifugation: Butter is separated from curd by spinning it at high speeds,which forces the denser components to the bottom and lighter butter to the top.

(N/A) Decantation using a separating funnel.
$(b)$ Filtration.
$(c)$ Magnetic separation.
$(d)$ Winnowing.
$(e)$ Coagulation (using alum) followed by decantation or filtration.

(N/A) To separate a mixture of naphthalene and ammonium chloride,we can use the property of solubility in water.
$1$. Take the mixture in a beaker and add water to it. Stir the mixture using a glass rod.
$2$. Ammonium chloride is soluble in water,whereas naphthalene is insoluble in water.
$3$. Filter the mixture using a funnel and filter paper. Naphthalene will remain as a residue on the filter paper,while the ammonium chloride solution will pass through as the filtrate.
$4$. Collect the filtrate in a china dish and heat it. The water will evaporate,leaving behind solid ammonium chloride crystals.

(N/A) Separation by using a separating funnel,as they are immiscible liquids with different densities.
$(b)$ Sublimation,as ammonium chloride sublimes upon heating while potassium chloride does not.
$(c)$ Filtration to remove sand,followed by evaporation to separate common salt from water.
$(d)$ Separation by using a separating funnel to remove kerosene oil,followed by evaporation or distillation to separate salt from water.

(A) The tube $(a)$ will be more effective as a condenser.
The presence of marbles increases the surface area available for cooling.
This allows more time for the vapours to condense,and hence it would be more effective than the column without marbles.

(B) Crystallization is a process that separates a pure solid in the form of its crystals from a saturated solution. It is a better technique than evaporation because evaporation can cause decomposition of some solids or contamination due to impurities,whereas crystallization provides a purer form of the substance.

(DISTILLATION) Acetone can be separated from the mixture using the technique of distillation.
Distillation is used for the separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil without decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling points.
Since the boiling point of acetone $(56\,^oC)$ is significantly lower than that of water $(100\,^oC)$,acetone will vaporize first upon heating.
The vapors can then be passed through a condenser to be collected as a liquid,effectively separating it from the salt-water solution.

(A-D) Example: Salt and water. Method: Evaporation or distillation.
$(b)$ Example: Acetone and water. Method: Distillation.
$(c)$ Example: Oil and water. Method: Separation by using a separating funnel.
$(d)$ Example: Ammonium chloride and salt. Method: Sublimation.
$(e)$ Example: Components of ink. Method: Chromatography.

(N/A) No,we cannot separate alcohol dissolved in water using a separating funnel.
This is because alcohol and water are miscible liquids,meaning they mix completely to form a single homogeneous phase.
$A$ separating funnel is only used to separate immiscible liquids (liquids that do not mix and form distinct layers,such as oil and water).
Since alcohol and water form a homogeneous mixture,they must be separated using other methods like fractional distillation,which relies on the difference in their boiling points.

(N/A) The key component that makes fractional distillation efficient is the fractionating column. This column is typically packed with glass beads or other inert materials.
$1$. The glass beads provide a large surface area for the vapours to collide,lose energy,and undergo repeated condensation and evaporation cycles as they rise through the column.
$2$. This process ensures that the component with the higher boiling point condenses more easily and returns to the flask,while the component with the lower boiling point reaches the top of the column as a vapour.
$3$. The length of the column further increases the efficiency of this separation process,allowing for the effective separation of liquids with small boiling point differences.
(Refer to the provided diagram for the setup of the fractional distillation apparatus.)

(N/A) $(i)$ If the ink contains three different coloured components,we would expect to see three different coloured bands on the filter paper at different heights,as each component travels at a different speed depending on its solubility in the solvent.
$(ii)$ The technique used is Chromatography.
$(iii)$ One more application of this technique is to separate pigments present in natural colours (e.g.,chlorophyll) or to separate drugs from blood.

(N/A) The components of the given mixture can be separated by the following methods:
$(i)$ $Using$ $a$ $magnet$: Hovering a magnet over the mixture will result in iron filings getting stuck to the magnet. Thus, iron will be separated.
$(ii)$ $Sublimation$: The remaining mixture is heated in a china dish. Ammonium chloride is a sublime substance and hence it will evaporate without undergoing the liquid phase. The crust of ammonium chloride can be collected by placing an inverted funnel on top of the china dish.
$(iii)$ $Sedimentation,$ $decantation,$ $and$ $filtration$: The remaining mixture is dissolved in water. The mixture is allowed to settle for some time. Sand, being insoluble in water, settles at the bottom. The liquid is decanted into another beaker. Then, the liquid is filtered to remove any trace of sand in it.
$(iv)$ $Evaporation$: The liquid is now a solution of sodium chloride in water. This is heated in a beaker so that the water evaporates. Once all the water evaporates, we get sodium chloride in the beaker.

(N/A) The principle involved in separating a mixture of kerosene and water is based on the difference in the densities of the two liquids. Kerosene and water are immiscible liquids,meaning they do not mix with each other. When left undisturbed,they form separate layers. Since water is denser than kerosene,it settles at the bottom,while kerosene,being lighter,forms the upper layer. This mixture can be separated using a separating funnel.

(CENTRIFUGATION) The components of a colloidal solution cannot be separated by ordinary filtration. However,they can be separated by a process known as $Centrifugation$. In this process,the colloidal solution is spun at a very high speed,causing the dispersed phase particles to settle down at the bottom due to their density,allowing the separation of the components.

(N/A) The coloured component (dye) can be obtained from blue or black ink using the process of evaporation.
$1$. Take a small amount of ink in a watch glass.
$2$. Place the watch glass on a beaker containing water and heat the beaker.
$3$. As the water boils,the steam heats the ink.
$4$. The solvent (water) evaporates,leaving behind the solid coloured component (dye) in the watch glass.
Note: Chromatography is used to separate different pigments present within the dye itself,but evaporation is the primary method to separate the dye from the solvent.

(N/A) mixture of two immiscible liquids can be separated by using a separating funnel.
In this process,the mixture is poured into the separating funnel and left undisturbed for some time.
The two liquids form separate layers based on their densities.
The heavier liquid settles at the bottom,while the lighter liquid floats on top.
By opening the stopcock of the separating funnel,the heavier liquid is collected in a beaker,and the stopcock is closed before the lighter liquid enters the outlet.

(N/A) Air is a homogeneous mixture of various gases. To separate these gases,the air is first compressed by increasing pressure and then cooled by decreasing temperature to get liquid air. This liquid air is then allowed to warm up slowly in a fractional distillation column. Since different gases have different boiling points,they get separated at different heights in the column.

(B) Crystallisation is the process used to purify solids. It is a separation technique that separates a pure solid in the form of its crystals from a solution.
To obtain pure copper sulphate from an impure sample,the sample is dissolved in a minimum amount of water.
The solution is filtered to remove insoluble impurities.
The solution is then heated to evaporate the solvent until a saturated solution is obtained.
Finally,the solution is allowed to cool slowly without disturbance,which results in the formation of pure copper sulphate crystals.

(N/A) Distillation is a process used to separate components of a mixture based on differences in their boiling points. It involves heating a liquid to form vapours and then cooling these vapours to condense them back into a liquid state.

(N/A) Chromatography is a laboratory technique used for the separation of a mixture into its individual components. It works on the principle that different components of a mixture move at different rates through a stationary phase when carried by a mobile phase,allowing them to be separated based on their differential affinities.

(CRYSTALLISATION) Crystallisation is another effective technique used to recover salt from its solution. Crystallisation is a process that separates a pure solid in the form of its crystals from a solution. It is often preferred over evaporation because it avoids the decomposition of substances that might occur at high temperatures and removes impurities more effectively.

(N/A) No,we cannot separate alcohol dissolved in water using a separating funnel. $A$ separating funnel is used to separate two immiscible liquids (liquids that do not mix,like oil and water) based on their density differences. Alcohol and water are miscible liquids,meaning they form a homogeneous mixture and dissolve completely in each other. Therefore,they cannot be separated by a separating funnel; instead,they are typically separated by fractional distillation based on their different boiling points.

(N/A) Crystallisation is preferred because:
$1$. Some solids decompose or get charred (e.g.,sugar) upon heating to dryness during evaporation.
$2$. Some impurities may remain dissolved in the solution even after evaporation,which contaminates the solid product. Crystallisation helps in obtaining a purer form of the solid.

(A) $(i)$ Nitrogen from air is separated by Fractional distillation because it involves separating components based on their different boiling points.
$(ii)$ Dye from blue ink is separated by Chromatography,which is used to separate solutes that dissolve in the same solvent.
$(iii)$ Butter cream from milk is separated by Centrifugation,where denser particles are forced to the bottom and lighter particles stay at the top.
$(iv)$ Ammonium chloride from common salt is separated by Sublimation,as ammonium chloride sublimes upon heating while common salt does not.

(N/A) Distillation is the process of heating a liquid to form vapour and then cooling the vapour to get back the liquid.
Conditions:
$(i)$ The components of the mixture should boil without decomposition.
$(ii)$ There should be a sufficient difference in the boiling points of the components.

(N/A) To separate a mixture of naphthalene powder and common salt,we use the process of sublimation.
$1$. Place the mixture in a china dish.
$2$. Invert a glass funnel over the china dish.
$3$. Plug the stem of the funnel with a cotton plug to prevent the vapours from escaping.
$4$. Place the china dish on a tripod stand and heat it using a burner.
$5$. Naphthalene,being a sublimable substance,directly converts into vapours upon heating,while common salt remains in the china dish.
$6$. The naphthalene vapours condense on the cooler inner walls of the funnel and can be scraped off,leaving pure common salt in the china dish.

(N/A) Miscible liquids: These liquids mix with each other completely to form a single phase.
Immiscible liquids: These liquids do not mix with each other and form separate layers.
Techniques for separation:
$1$. For miscible liquids: Distillation or fractional distillation is used based on the difference in their boiling points.
$2$. For immiscible liquids: $A$ separating funnel is used to separate them based on the difference in their densities.

(N/A) Distillation: This is a process of separating components of a mixture by heating a liquid to form vapours and then cooling the vapours to get back the liquid.
$(b)$ Two essential conditions for distillation are:
$(i)$ The components of the mixture must be miscible liquids.
$(ii)$ There should be a significant difference in the boiling points of the components (usually greater than $25 \ K$ for simple distillation,though the question implies general conditions for separation).

(N/A) Chromatography is a laboratory technique used for the separation of a mixture into its individual components. It works on the principle that different components of a mixture move at different rates through a stationary phase when carried by a mobile phase.
Applications:
$(a)$ Separation of colours in a dye.
$(b)$ Separation of pigments from natural colours (e.g.,chlorophyll from plant extracts).
$(c)$ Separation of drugs from blood.

(N/A)

Simple distillation	Fractional distillation
$(i)$ Used to separate a mixture of two or more miscible liquids for which the difference in boiling point $(b.p.)$ is more than $25^{\circ} C$.	$(i)$ Used to separate two or more miscible liquids for which the difference in boiling point $(b.p.)$ is less than $25^{\circ} C$.
$(ii)$ $A$ fractionating column is not used.	$(ii)$ $A$ fractionating column is used to provide more surface area for cooling and condensation.

(N/A) $(i)$ Immiscible liquids.
$(ii)$ The liquid with higher density will form the lower layer.
$(iii)$ The principle behind this method is that immiscible liquids separate out into distinct layers based on their differences in densities.

(N/A) $(i)$ The technique used is fractional distillation.
$(ii)$ The fractionating column is a glass tube packed with glass beads or other materials that provide a large surface area. It is fitted between the distillation flask and the condenser.
It is used because it provides a large surface area for the vapours to cool and condense repeatedly,allowing for better separation of liquids with boiling points close to each other.

(A-D) $(i)$ Sublimation.
$(ii)$ Paper chromatography.
$(b)$ Crystallisation is a process that separates a pure solid in the form of its crystals from a solution.
The crystallisation technique is better than the simple evaporation technique because:
$1$. Some solids decompose or may get charred (e.g.,sugar) upon heating to dryness.
$2$. Some impurities may remain dissolved in the solution even after filtration; evaporation would cause these impurities to contaminate the solid,whereas crystallisation leaves them in the mother liquor.

(N/A) Separating funnel.
$(b)$ It is used to separate a mixture of two immiscible liquids.
$(c)$ The principle involved is that immiscible liquids separate out into distinct layers based on their densities.

(A-D) $(i)$ $(a)$ Chromatography: This technique is used to separate solutes that dissolve in the same solvent.
$(b)$ Centrifugation: This method is used to separate suspended particles from a liquid based on density.
$(c)$ Sublimation: This process is used to separate a sublimable volatile component from a non-sublimable impurity.
$(d)$ Magnetic separation: This method is used to separate magnetic substances from non-magnetic substances.
$(ii)$ The principle of centrifugation is that when a mixture is rotated at high speed,the denser particles are forced to the bottom and the lighter particles stay at the top.

(N/A) Evaporation: Sodium chloride is a non-volatile solute,so it can be recovered from its aqueous solution by evaporating the water.
$(b)$ Filtration: Tea leaves are insoluble solids that can be separated from the liquid tea using a filter or sieve.
$(c)$ Magnetic separation: Iron pins are magnetic,while sand is not; therefore,a magnet can be used to attract and separate the pins.
$(d)$ Chromatography: This technique is used to separate different pigments based on their differential solubility in a solvent.
$(e)$ Centrifugation: Butter particles are lighter than the liquid in curd; spinning the mixture at high speed forces the denser components outward,separating the butter.
$(f)$ Decantation and filtration: Fine mud particles can be allowed to settle (sedimentation) followed by decantation,or removed directly using filtration.

(N/A) Crystallisation is a process that separates a pure solid in the form of its crystals from a solution.
$AIM$: To obtain crystals of pure copper sulphate from an impure sample.
Procedure:
$(i)$ Take some impure sample of copper sulphate in a china dish (approximately $5 \ g$).
$(ii)$ Dissolve the contents in a minimum amount of water and filter the impurities out.
$(iii)$ Evaporate water from the solution to get a saturated solution of copper sulphate.
$(iv)$ Cover the solution with a filter paper and leave it undisturbed at room temperature to cool slowly for a day.
Observation: The crystals of copper sulphate can be seen in the china dish.
Conclusion: The process of formation of crystals of a pure solid from a solution is called crystallisation.

(N/A) $(i)$ Magnetic separation: Pass a magnet over the mixture. The iron filings will be attracted to the magnet and can be separated from the mixture.
$(ii)$ Sublimation: Heat the remaining mixture. Camphor,being a sublimable substance,will change directly from a solid to a gas and can be collected by cooling it on a cold surface (like an inverted funnel),leaving behind the common salt.
$(iii)$ Dissolution and Filtration/Evaporation: Add water to the remaining residue (common salt). The salt will dissolve in the water. Filter the solution to remove any impurities if necessary,then evaporate the water to obtain the common salt.

(N/A) $(i)$ Mercury and water: Since they are immiscible liquids with different densities,a separating funnel is used.
$(ii)$ Coloured components from blue ink: Chromatography is used as it separates components based on their different solubilities in a solvent.
$(iii)$ Ammonium chloride and potassium chloride: Sublimation is used because ammonium chloride sublimes upon heating,while potassium chloride does not.
$(iv)$ Mixture of alcohol and water: Fractional distillation is used because they are miscible liquids with different boiling points.

(N/A) $(i)$ $A$ mixture of two coloured components: Ink (which contains various dyes).
$(ii)$ $A$ mixture of two volatile components with a boiling point difference of less than $25\ K$: Air (which is a mixture of gases like nitrogen,oxygen,and argon).
$(iii)$ $A$ mixture of a volatile and a non-volatile solid component: Salt and water (or camphor and sand).

(B) Chromatography is a laboratory technique used for the separation of a mixture into its individual components.
It works on the principle that different components of a mixture have different affinities for the stationary phase and the mobile phase.
As the mixture moves through the stationary phase,the components are adsorbed to different extents based on their chemical properties.
This difference in the extent of adsorption causes the components to travel at different speeds,leading to their separation.

(N/A) The qualities shown by Jessica's mother are:
$(i)$ In-depth knowledge of household tasks.
$(ii)$ Caring nature towards her family.
$(iii)$ Awareness of her duties and responsibilities.
$(b)$ When milk is rotated at a high speed using a churner,the principle of centrifugation is applied. The denser components of milk are pushed towards the sides of the container,while the lighter particles (cream) collect in the center. Since cream is lighter than the skimmed milk,it floats on the surface and can be easily separated.

(N/A) The principle used is Centrifugation,where denser particles are forced to the bottom and lighter particles stay at the top when spun rapidly.
$(b)$ $(i)$ Used in diagnostic laboratories for blood and urine tests.
$(ii)$ Used in dairies and at home to separate butter from cream.
$(c)$ Ravjot's mother is concerned about water conservation. It shows that she cares about the environment and natural resources. By reusing wastewater,she is effectively conserving precious environmental resources.