Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid Questions in English

(C) Formalin is an aqueous solution of formaldehyde.
Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde with the chemical formula $HCHO$.
It is commonly used as a disinfectant and a preservative for biological specimens.

(D) The Fischer-Tropsch process is a collection of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide $(CO)$ and hydrogen $(H_2)$ into liquid hydrocarbons.
This process is primarily used to produce synthetic fuels,such as synthetic gasoline or diesel,and various alcohols like ethanol $(C_2H_5OH)$.
Among the given options,ethanol is the product that can be synthesized using this industrial method.

(D) The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst,such as concentrated $H_{2}SO_{4}$,is known as esterification.
In this reaction,the carboxylic acid and alcohol combine to form an ester and water.
The general chemical equation is: $RCOOH + R'OH \xrightarrow{conc. H_{2}SO_{4}} RCOOR' + H_{2}O$.
Concentrated $H_{2}SO_{4}$ acts as a dehydrating agent and a catalyst in this process.

(D) Acetic acid $(CH_3COOH)$ has several industrial and domestic applications:
$1$. It is primarily used in the preparation of vinegar,which typically contains $5-8\%$ acetic acid in water.
$2$. It is used in the manufacturing of white lead,a pigment used in paints.
$3$. It serves as an important chemical reagent in laboratories and industries for the synthesis of various organic compounds like esters and polymers.

(A) The general formula for an alkane is $C_{n}H_{2n+2}$.
When one hydrogen atom is replaced by a hydroxyl group $(-OH)$ in an alkane,it forms an alcohol.
Replacing one $H$ atom from $C_{n}H_{2n+2}$ gives the alkyl group $C_{n}H_{2n+1}$.
Attaching the $-OH$ group to this alkyl group results in the general formula for alcohol,which is $C_{n}H_{2n+1}OH$.

(B) Methanol is the simplest alcohol,belonging to the homologous series of alcohols with the general formula $C_{n}H_{2n+1}OH$.
For methanol,the number of carbon atoms $n = 1$.
Substituting $n = 1$ into the general formula: $C_{1}H_{2(1)+1}OH = CH_{3}OH$.
Therefore,the molecular formula of methanol is $CH_{3}OH$.

(A) Ethyl alcohol,also known as ethanol,is a primary alcohol with the chemical formula $C_{2}H_{5}OH$.
It consists of an ethyl group $(C_{2}H_{5})$ attached to a hydroxyl group $(-OH)$.
Option $A$ represents ethanol,while option $B$ represents methanol,option $C$ represents propanoic acid,and option $D$ represents acetaldehyde.

(D) Fermentation is an anaerobic metabolic process that converts sugar into acids,gases,or alcohol.
In the process of alcoholic fermentation,yeast breaks down glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide $(CO_{2})$.
The release of $CO_{2}$ gas during this process creates bubbles or effervescence in the mixture.

(A) The fermentation of glucose or fructose is a biochemical process carried out by yeast.
In this process, the enzyme $Zymase$ acts as a catalyst.
The chemical reaction is: $C_6H_{12}O_6 \xrightarrow{Zymase} 2C_2H_5OH + 2CO_2$.
$Invertase$ is used to convert sucrose into glucose and fructose, whereas $Zymase$ is responsible for the conversion of these sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

(D) When $CH_3OH$ (Methanol) is added to ethanol $(C_2H_5OH)$ as an adulterant,it becomes toxic. Methanol is oxidized to methanal in the liver. Methanal reacts rapidly with the components of cells,causing the protoplasm to coagulate. Furthermore,methanol affects the optic nerve,leading to blindness and potentially death.

(C) The modern industrial production of ethanol involves the direct hydration of ethene $(C_2H_4)$.
This reaction is carried out by passing a mixture of ethene and steam over a catalyst.
The catalyst used is typically phosphoric acid $(H_3PO_4)$ supported on silica, but in many textbook contexts, concentrated sulfuric acid $(H_2SO_4)$ is cited as the dehydrating/hydrating agent used in the industrial process to facilitate the addition of water to the double bond of ethene.
The reaction is: $C_2H_4 + H_2O \xrightarrow{H_2SO_4} C_2H_5OH$.

(B) When ethanol $(C_{2}H_{5}OH)$ reacts with sodium $(Na)$ metal,it forms sodium ethoxide $(C_{2}H_{5}ONa)$ and releases hydrogen gas $(H_{2})$.
The chemical equation for this reaction is:
$2C_{2}H_{5}OH + 2Na \rightarrow 2C_{2}H_{5}ONa + H_{2} \uparrow$
Therefore,the gas produced is hydrogen $(H_{2})$.

(D) The reaction between a carboxylic acid (acetic acid) and an alcohol (ethanol) in the presence of an acid catalyst (concentrated $H_{2}SO_{4}$) is known as esterification.
In this reaction, the hydroxyl group $(-OH)$ of the acid and the hydrogen atom $(-H)$ of the alcohol combine to form a water molecule $(H_{2}O)$, while the remaining parts join to form an ester called ethyl acetate $(CH_{3}COOCH_{2}CH_{3})$.
The chemical equation is: $CH_{3}COOH + C_{2}H_{5}OH \xrightarrow{conc. H_{2}SO_{4}} CH_{3}COOC_{2}H_{5} + H_{2}O$.

(C) Esters are chemical compounds formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol.
Ethyl acetate $(CH_3COOC_2H_5)$ is an ester formed by the reaction between acetic acid and ethanol.
Esters are generally known for their characteristic sweet,fruity smell and are widely used in perfumes and flavoring agents.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(D) The medicine given to individuals habituated to alcohol consumption is $Disulfiram$.
It works by inhibiting the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase,which is responsible for breaking down acetaldehyde in the body.
When a person taking $Disulfiram$ consumes alcohol,acetaldehyde accumulates in the bloodstream,causing unpleasant symptoms like nausea,vomiting,flushing,and headache.
This creates a conditioned aversion to alcohol,helping the individual to stop drinking.

(C) Ethanol is an alcohol with a two-carbon chain.
Its chemical structure consists of an ethyl group $(C_{2}H_{5})$ attached to a hydroxyl functional group $(-OH)$.
Therefore,the molecular formula of ethanol is $C_{2}H_{5}OH$.

(D) Formalin is a saturated aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas. It typically contains $37 \%$ to $40 \%$ formaldehyde by mass or volume,but in many educational contexts,it is often referred to as a $40 \%$ solution. Among the given options,the most accurate representation of a standard commercial formalin solution is often cited in the range of $37-40 \%$. However,if we look at the provided options,there seems to be a discrepancy with standard textbook values. Given the context of common biology laboratory reagents,formalin is defined as a $40 \%$ aqueous solution of formaldehyde. Since $40 \%$ is not explicitly listed as a single choice,and considering the options provided,the question might be referring to a specific dilution or a typo in the source. Re-evaluating the standard definition,formalin is $37-40 \%$ formaldehyde. If this is a multiple-choice question where one must be selected,please note that none of the options perfectly match the standard $40 \%$ definition. Assuming a potential typo in the question options,$40 \%$ is the correct scientific answer.

(B) Formalin is a $40\%$ aqueous solution of formaldehyde $(HCHO)$.
It is widely used in laboratories and museums to preserve biological specimens, including the dead bodies of animals, because it prevents decomposition by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.

(B) Ethanoic acid is a carboxylic acid with the chemical formula $CH_3COOH$.
Its common name is acetic acid.
It is the main component of vinegar,typically containing $5-8\%$ acetic acid in water.

(A) Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its $IUPAC$ name is methanoic acid. The molecular formula of formic acid is $HCOOH$.

(C) Ethanoic acid,commonly known as acetic acid,is a carboxylic acid with the chemical formula $CH_{3}COOH$.
It consists of a methyl group $(CH_{3})$ attached to a carboxyl group $(-COOH)$.
Option $A$ is methyl acetate,option $B$ is ethyl acetate,and option $D$ is propanoic acid.

(A) The general formula for a carboxylic acid is $R-COOH$,where $R$ is an alkyl group or a hydrogen atom.
In formic acid $(HCOOH)$,the $R$ group is a hydrogen atom $(H)$,not an alkyl group.
In acetic acid $(CH_3COOH)$,the $R$ group is a methyl group $(CH_3)$,which is an alkyl group.
In propionic acid $(C_2H_5COOH)$,the $R$ group is an ethyl group $(C_2H_5)$,which is an alkyl group.
In butyric acid $(C_3H_7COOH)$,the $R$ group is a propyl group $(C_3H_7)$,which is an alkyl group.
Therefore,formic acid is the only carboxylic acid among the options that does not contain an alkyl group.

(B) Vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of acetic acid $(CH_3COOH)$.
It typically contains $5-8\%$ acetic acid by volume.
It is produced through the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria.

(D) Sodium ethanoate is the salt formed from ethanoic acid $(CH_{3}COOH)$ and sodium hydroxide $(NaOH)$.
In this reaction,the hydrogen ion $(H^+)$ of the carboxylic acid group is replaced by a sodium ion $(Na^+)$.
The chemical formula for the ethanoate ion is $CH_{3}COO^-$.
Therefore,the molecular formula of sodium ethanoate is $CH_{3}COONa$.

(C) Ethyl acetate is an organic compound with the chemical formula $CH_3COOCH_2CH_3$.
It is formed by the reaction between ethanol and acetic acid,which is an esterification reaction.
The functional group present in ethyl acetate is $-COO-$,which characterizes it as an ester.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(C) The given reaction is an esterification reaction.
In this reaction,a carboxylic acid $(CH_{3}COOH)$ reacts with an alcohol $(C_{2}H_{5}OH)$ in the presence of an acid catalyst (concentrated $H_{2}SO_{4}$) to form an ester and water.
The reaction is as follows:
$CH_{3}COOH + C_{2}H_{5}OH \xrightarrow[\Delta]{\text{conc. } H_{2}SO_{4}} CH_{3}COOC_{2}H_{5} + H_{2}O$
Here,$CH_{3}COOC_{2}H_{5}$ is ethyl acetate (an ester) and $H_{2}O$ is water.

(B) Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid.
The chemical name of acetic acid is ethanoic acid.
The molecular formula of ethanoic acid (acetic acid) is $CH_{3}COOH$.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(B) White lead is a basic lead carbonate,chemically represented as $2PbCO_3 \cdot Pb(OH)_2$.
To prepare white lead,lead plates are exposed to the vapours of acetic acid $(CH_3COOH)$ in the presence of air and carbon dioxide.
The acetic acid reacts with lead to form lead acetate,which subsequently reacts with carbon dioxide and water to produce white lead.
Therefore,acetic acid is the essential reagent used in its preparation.

(A) Pure ethanol is a chemical compound with the formula $C_2H_5OH$.
Its boiling point is approximately $78.37 \ ^\circ C$.
To convert this to Kelvin,we use the formula: $K = ^\circ C + 273.15$.
$K = 78.37 + 273.15 = 351.52 \ K$.
Rounding to the nearest whole number provided in the options,the boiling point is $351 \ K$.

(C) Acetic acid $(CH_3COOH)$,also known as ethanoic acid,is a common organic compound.
Its physical properties include a melting point of $290\;K$ and a boiling point of $391\;K$.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.